Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY IN SOME ARAB COUNTRIES WITH REFERENCE TO EGYPT IN PARTICULAR3191462710.21608/ajs.2010.14627ENJournal Article20091216The current period has seen considerable interest in issues of poverty in the world. And every State can draw the correct and appropriate policies to combat poverty if it can identify the most important determinants (causes) of poverty and know how to evaluate these parameters in line with its potential. Therefore, this research tries to contribute to identifying the determinants of poverty in Egypt and most Arabian countries. For this was the problem of searching high unemployment and low level of services and lack of availability of a significant sector of the population of Egypt and most Arabian countries. The objective of this search is to try to identify the most important determinants of poverty in Arabian countries and the estimate the proportion of a specific effect of each of these determinants in the presence of differences in the incidence of poverty among them, and the possibilities of reducing poverty in these countries. Deliberately search to include the study of all the Arab states, including oil and non-oil. The study estimated poverty function by using some of the World Development Indicators contained in the report of the World Bank for the years 2007/2008, 2000/2001, the indicators are: proportion of population below national poverty line (dependent variable), and many of other indicators, which is believed it may affect the incidence of poverty in any country (independent variables), The study used cross-sectional time series data and the double logarithmic ordinary least squares OLS were used. The results of statistical analysis of the determinants of poverty is clear that the lack of services and facilities of state is the biggest factor influencing the increase in poverty in Arab countries. For Egypt, it was shown that the rate of poverty in Egypt more than their counterparts in the record level assumed by 13.58%, and approximately 8.20% of this difference in the poverty rate between Egypt and the standard record is due in the first place low ratio of value-added of industry from GDP, hence the clear trend State to pursue a policy focus on industry and trying to promote this sector so that the State of employment in this sector and thereby reduce unemployment and reduce poverty as well as state and to attract surplus labor and underemployment, seasonal in the agriculture sector, and should also increase the share of spending on education budget to combat poverty. The study then proceeded to try to reduce the poverty rate of study and upon which it became clear that the first solution, and fast to reduce poverty in less Arab countries is to try to influence countries to boost spending on education (% of GDP) and value added of industry (% of GDP). As for ways to reduce the poverty rate in poor Arab countries explained the study, said the first solution, and fast to reduce poverty is to raise the foreign direct investment (U.S. $ million) (% of GDP) and expenditure on education (% of GDP). It is also for ways to reduce the poverty rate of the Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100307WINDOWS BASED PROGRAM FOR WATER ESTIMATE OF VEGETABLES IN ARID AREAS23291463510.21608/ajs.2010.14635ENAbdulrahman AAlazbaDepartment of Agricultural EngineeringAbdullah AAlsadon. Department of Plant ProductionIbrahim MAlshahwanDepartment of Plant Protection.Journal Article20090720A computer program based on windows application was developed using a Micro soft visual dot net software to determine the water requirements for vegetable crops in arid land. Through three simple steps, the user can easily calculate the water requirements for more than 35 vegetables. The first step is to locate the area of growing crops and <br clear="all" /> compute the reference Evapotranspiration (ETref) using the Penman Monteith mathematical model. The second step is select the crop factor values and growing period lengths. Accordingly, the crop ET is calculated. The third step is to compute the total irrigation water requirements for the selected vegetable crop.
It is intended in the paper to show all mathematical background used in the calculations. <br /> In addition, snap shot screens will be used to <br /> illustrate the use of the developed computer <br /> program.Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301DESIGNING AN INTEGRATED COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA31371464610.21608/ajs.2010.14646ENR.ABayoumiTaif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia, Faculty of Science and Education, Biotechnology Dept., (El-Khorma Branch)AttaH.M.Corresponding author: Reda Ahmed Bayoumi, Biotechnology Dept., Faculty of Science and Education, Taif Univ., (El-khorma Branch), KSAEl-SehraweyM.H.Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology DeptSelimSh.M.- Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology DeptEl-HemianyA.Taif University, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Taif, Saudi Arabia, (Turaba branch)Abdullah AAlsadonDepartment of Plant ProductionAbdulrahman AAlazbaDepartment of Agricultural EngineeringIbrahim MAlshahwanDepartment of Plant ProtectionAbdulrahman SAldawoodDepartment of Plant Protection.Safwat OKhalilDepartment of Plant ProductionJournal Article20090720Vegetable production provide great value in the agricultural production sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Growers and agricultural engineers need a comprehensive database in Arabic lan-guage that can be available for use any time any where. Therefore, this research project was initiat-ed. The computer program was developed using Visual Basic Net 2005 which is one of the ad-vanced visual programming languages. We took into consideration easy usage and coherence be-tween all program components. Main results in-clude computer program with the data base, which includes: vegetable crops, diseases, insect pests and other pests that attacks vegetable crops, management tactics, cultural practices, irrigation requirements, planting dates, data search. Fur-thermore, field trips have been carried out to some vegetable farms in all the Kingdom regions. A digit-ized map of the Kingdom has been added to the program in addition to crop water and heat re-quirements. Various search capabilities have been developed in the program. After the completion of the program build up, verification trips have been carried out for five regions in the presence of farm-ers and extension specialists of the different direc-torate of the Ministry of Agriculture to test the accu-racy of steps used in the program. A manual for the computer program as well as leaflet on pro-gram set up and usage have been included. It is recommended to make this program available at the internet and distribute copies to the Ministry of Agriculture and its directorates as well as farmers.Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301DESIGNING AN INTEGRATED COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR VEGETABLE INSECT, NON INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES AFFECTING VEGETABLE CROPS39461467510.21608/ajs.2010.14675ENAbdulrahmanAldawoodPlant Protection DepartmentIbrahimAlshahwanPlant Protection DepartmentAbdullahAl-SadonPlant Production DepartmentAbdulrahmanAl-AzbaAgricultural EngineeringOmarAbdallaPlant Protection DepartmentAlshamyAdamPlant Protection DepartmentAliAlmasrahyPlant Protection DepartmentJournal Article20090119The major vegetable crop production in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia require easily produced sources of related information. However, there is a lack of such studies that lead to the use of com-puter programs or geographical information sys-tems in developing an electronic source for these extension, research, and scientific data. Farmers and agricultural engineers need a comprehensive database regarding insect pests, non insects pests, and diseases infecting vegetable crops in Saudi Arabia in Arabic language. Therefore, this project has been executed to design a complete database of such information. Included in this software are colored photographs, which will help users to get acquainted with methods of manage-ment of these pests and diseases. A data sheet has been designed to collect field information for each vege-table crop, including its pests and dis-eases, through field trips for many farms in all the 13 agricultural regions of Saudi Arabia. This field information has been compiled with what has been published in related scientific references. Upon completion of this program, confirmatory trips for five regions had been made in order to meet with farmers, agricultural engineers, and extension agents who are in agricultural branches of the Min-istry of Agriculture in these visited regions. The objectives of these trips were to get feedback about this program. Finally, an elaborate imple-mentation guide was prepared under the title "De-signing an integrated computer program for vege-table cultivation in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Also, an attached manual, regarding the compo-nents and the operation of this program, was made. All of these materials have been distributed to farmers and interested people in the agricultural sectorAin Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301INFLUENCE OF MOLASS APPLICATION ON SOME SOIL HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS AND INFILTRATION RATE, RELATED TO THE SOIL STRUCTURE49621490310.21608/ajs.2010.14903ENAti, SAlaaSoil and Water Dep., Collage of AgriculturalYounanTaghreedSoil and Water Dep., Collage of AgriculturalJournal Article20091014A laboratory study was performed to evaluate the role of Molass using four levels (C=0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg<sup>-1</sup>) on the water transport function [namely, penetrability (l), sorptivity <em>(S)</em> and infiltration rate <em>(i)</em>] during transient flow in horizontal infiltration in Sandy loam soil incubated with Molass at 25 ± 2°C and 80% relative moisture content at 33 Kpa. For 60 days. Boltzmann transformation was used to esitmate penetrability by fitting the wet front distance X vs. square root of time <em>(t)</em>. Equation of <strong>Philip (1957)</strong> was used to estimate sorptivity <em>(S)</em> by fitting cumulative<br /> <br /> depth of water observed <em>(I)</em> vs. . Infiltration rate <em>(i)</em> was calculated using equation. The contact angle <em>(</em><em>a</em><em>)</em>, soil surface free energy were measured and calculated for all soil treatments. We also studied the effect of Molass on aggregate stability from the values of Mean Wight Diameter (MWD) and Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD). Results showed significant response and decrease in all study water transport functions [(l), <em>(S)</em> and <em>(i)</em>] with distance 30 cm of wetting front advance in end time with increasing the levels of Molass from 0.0 to 40 g kg<sup>-1</sup>. Value of contact angle increased from 49.54 to 76.17, while the value of soil surface free energy decreased from 135.9 to 76.8 (m N m-1).<br /> The addition of Molass played very important role in aggregate stability according to the value of MWD and GMDAin Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301SELENIUM INDUCES ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSIVE ENZYMES AND PROMOTES TOLERANCE AGAINST SALINITY STRESS IN CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS (Cucumis sativus)65761491710.21608/ajs.2010.14917ENJournal Article20090603Se, Selenium; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; APX, Ascorbate peroxidase; CAT, Catalase; PAL, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; EDTA, Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid; MDA, Malondialdehyde; POD, Peroxidase; PVP, Polyvinylpyrrolidone; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; TBA, Thiobarbituric acid; TCA, Trichloroacetic acid; NBT, Nitroblue tetrazolium; P5CR, ∆<sup>1</sup>-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase; P5CS, ∆<sup>1</sup>-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase. OAT, Ornithine-δ-aminotransferase; P5CDH, ∆<sup>1</sup>-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and PDH, Proline dehydrogenase; Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
ABSTRACT
Selenium (Se) is not an essential nutrient for higher plants. Although, it is able to induce stress tolerance in many plant species. The present study was carried out to investigate the ability of Se to promote the tolerance of cucumber seedlings to salinity stress and to identify some biochemical parameter associated with Se–induced resistance in cucumber seedlings. Plants were irrigated with 2000 ppm NaCl after treatment with 1ppm Se for two weeks and samples collected after 7 days from started salt-treatment. The biochemical changes due to treatment with Se and /or NaCl were monitored by determination of lipid peroxidation (LPO), proline, phenolic compounds and percentage of electrolyte leakage (EL) from plant tissues. Moreover, the activities of peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) were determined. The treatment of cucumber seedling with salinity (2000 ppm NaCl) in the presence or absence of selenium caused a remarkable elevation in free proline concentration and the level of phenolic compounds. Salinity stress caused a high level of lipid peroxidation which led to increase the percentage of electrolyte leakage from plant tissues. Se treatment caused a significant reduction in electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde concentration of cucumber seedlings. The specific activities of antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD, and APX) and PAL were significantly increased by the treatment with NaCl. Also, Se caused a significant elevation in the specific activities of POD, CAT, SOD, APX and PAL in cucumber seedlings grown under salt stress condition. On the other hand, Se caused a significant decrease in SOD activity in cucumber seedlings grown in non-salty condition. The isoenzymes pattern of POD demonstrated that peroxidase was up-regulated by Se either in control or NaCl-treated seedlings. The results concluded that Se induce six POD isoenzymes in cucumber seedlings. Se reduces and overcomes the oxidative injury caused by salinity stress. Moreover, the protective effect of Se against salinity stress may be carried out through a mechanism included activation of PAL which is responsible for phenolic compounds biosynthesis. The accumulation of these phenolic compounds in Se-treated seedling leads to a high activities of antioxidant defensive enzymes and increase the tolerance level towards salinity stress.
Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301STABILITY OF SOME FLAVOR EMULSIONS AGAINST GRAVITATIONAL SEPARATION AFTER REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF GUM ARABIC IN THE FORMULATION77861496010.21608/ajs.2010.14960ENعمرو عبيدىادريسقسم کيمياء مکسبات الطعم ورائحة - المرکز القومى للبحوث - القاهرة - مصرJournal Article20091228 <br /> Gum Arabic (GA), a natural plant extract, is frequently used for the preparation and stabilization of flavor emulsions that is commonly used in soft drink and flavored beverage industry. This study aimed to reduce the amount of GA in some flavor model emulsions for cost effectiveness and studying the effect of that on the stability of these emulsions against gravitational separation during storage. Five flavor model emulsions were formulated using pure citral and cinnamic aldehyde and their mixtures at different weight ratios. Results indicated that a flavor/gum ratio 1:1 or 1:0.5 was not able to stabilize the particle size of all emulsions which is manifested by increase in size by many folds during storage. Similarly, four of the flavor model emulsions showed instability behavior (creaming or sedimentation) toward gravitational separation at the same flavor/gum ratios.<br /> However, only one flavor model emulsion out of the five models showed a high stability against gravitational separation at flavor/gum ratio 1:1 or even 1:0.5. That emulsion model was characterized by having a density matching (similarity) between its dispersed flavor phase and its continuous water phase. This indicates the possibility of formulating some flavor emulsions with reduced amounts of gum Arabic only by matching the density between the flavor phase and the continuous phase of the emulsion.<br /> Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301PRODUCTION OF HEALTHY YOGHURT BY USING Aqueous Extract of Garlic1711771496910.21608/ajs.2010.14969ENJournal Article20091116Garlic is promoted for use as a preventive factor against the formation of cancer. Although several compounds in garlic may have anti- cancer properties, the dially sulfide compounds are said to play a major role. garlic is known to help in regulating blood sugar levels. Therefore, yoghurt was manufactured by using the aqueous extract of garlic to produce a healthy yoghurt. Different concentration of this extract; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% were added to yoghurt milk. Results showed that 0.1% of garlic extract was the best concentration which gained the highest score. The resultant yoghurt treatments were analyzed chemically and organoleptically when fresh and after storage at <br /> 5 + 1°C until 15 days. Yoghurt acidity was gradually increased during storage at 5 ± 1°C until 2 weeks, either for control or different treatments. On the other hand pH took an opposite trend of acidity. The resultant fresh yoghurt had high acetaldehyde, diacetyl, TVFA, viscosity values than control, whereas it showed low whey synersis. During storage at (5 ± 1°C) acetaldehyde, diacetyl decreased while TVFA, viscosity, whey synersis values were increased. Statistical analysis showed high significant difference (a 0.05) for acidity, TVFA, viscosity, diacetyl values and non significant difference (a 0.05) for acetaldehyde content between treatments and during storage.Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF FOSTER GRAPEFRUIT IN SUDAN CENTRAL CLAY PLAIN1811891498110.21608/ajs.2010.14981ENJournal Article20090927A detailed survey was carried out for 8 Foster grapefruit (<em>Citrus paradisi</em> Macf.) groves in Sennar area (13˚ 37΄ N, 33˚ 37΄ E) representing Sudan Central Clay Plain. Trees were budded on Sour orange (<em>Citrus aurantium</em> L.). Soil and leaf samples were collected and analyzed according to standard procedures. Soil analyses included particle size distribution, pH (paste), ECe, SAR, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe and Mn. Leaf nutrient levels determination included N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn. Yield per tree was recorded for one season and quality parameters were measured for fruits sampled from representative trees. Results indicated that, soil texture of the orchards ranged between clay and clay loam. Although the orchards were receiving the same cultural practices, yet, they were significantly different in some soil and plant constituents. All orchards were non-saline and non-sodic of slightly to moderately alkaline reaction. Soil and plant were deficient in nitrogen and zinc with high leaf phosphorus, magnesium, iron and deficit calcium levels. Mean fruit yield ranged between 0.93 and 7.76 tons ha<sup>-1</sup> with an average of 4.35 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>, which is considered lower than world average. A low % TSS (total soluble solids), low ascorbic acid content and high % green color on fruit surface are evidents of low quality fruits. The low yield and poor quality fruits in this area were attributed to unsuitable soil conditions and the poor management practicesAin Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100901EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER TREATMENTS ON INCIDENCE OF FUSARIUM ROOT-ROT/WILT DISEASE COMPLEX, AND ON YIELD COMPONENTS OF LUPINE, CHICKPEA AND LENTIL CROPS1932021498910.21608/ajs.2010.14989ENA .A.MElhassan1- Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani, SudanA .M.A.El-Tilib2- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences- Faculty of Agriculture-Shambat-PC 13314,
Khartoum, SudanIbrahim; H.S.1- Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani, SudanA.H.Awadelkarim2- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences- Faculty of Agriculture-Shambat-PC 13314,
Khartoum, SudanJournal Article20100105 In greenhouse and field experiments, conducted in two successive winter seasons 2007/2009 the effect of phosphorus fertilizer treatments on incidence of wilt disease of lupine, chickpea and lentil, as well as yield and yield component was studied. Application of Phosphorus fertilizer (100 and 200 kg/fed; as super phosphate (15.5% P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) before planting) caused a reduction in incidence and severity of wilt diseases on plants of the three legume crops either in greenhouse and field experiments. In field experiments, results indicated that the most effective treatment was phosphorus at 100 and 200 kg / fed) respectively, which reduced the wilt diseases. Phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased yield characters i.e., plant height, number of branches, number of pods, seeds yield / plant and weight of 100 seeds.Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF WEED COMPETITION OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE IN SALINTY LAND89961499410.21608/ajs.2010.14994ENEl-Shennawy .;ZRania1- Food Legume Disease, Section Plant Pathol. Res. Institute, ARC, Giza, EgyptM.M.Omran2- Food Legumes Res. Section, Field Crops Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, EgypF.A.Abd El-Motteleb3- Soils and Water Research Institute and Environment, Plant Nutrition Section, ARC, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20090808Two Field experiments were conducted during the two summer seasons of 2007 and 2008 at EL-Serw Agricultural Research Station, Damietta Governorate, Egypt to study the effect of the time removal of weeds on associated weeds, growth, yield and its components in direct seeded rice in salinity land. <em>Echinochilon crus – galli, Echinochilon colunum, Cyperus difformis</em>, <em>Cyperus longus</em> and <em>Dicanthium annulatum</em> were the major weed species. Competition beyond 8 and 10 weeks from sowing and weed competition for the whole season caused drastic reduction in the panicle length, number of panicles / m<sup>2</sup> weight of 1000grain and grain yield. Grain yield of rice increased significantly with the increase of the duration of weed-free period. Weed free for the whole season and weed free for 10,8,6 and 4 weeks from sowing and weed removal at 4 and 6 weeks from sowing gave good results in this respect in both seasons. The period during 4 and 6 weeks after sowing was found to be an important factor in crop/weed competition. Weed cause 20 to 95% yield loss. Direct seeded rice ecosystems are most vulnerable to weed competition. Weed free is the most common and predominant method of control and is cost-effective. In direct seeded rice emergence of weeds begins with the germinating rice seedlings. This leads to competition between weeds and crop right from the very early stages. The degree of yield losses would depend on the type of weeds and the stage and duration of their competition with the crop. It could be concluded that the critical period of weed competition in direct seeded rice among 4- 6 weeks from rice sowing, thus it's important to remove the weeds at this time.
Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301CONSUMPTION AND UTILIZATION OF CASTOR BEAN LEAVES TREATED WITH NEEM SEED KERNEL EXTRACTS BY THE COTTON LEAF WORM LARVAE, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)2052121500010.21608/ajs.2010.15000ENR.M.HTagour- Weed Research Laboratory, H.A.Gomaa1- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra
El-Kheima, Cairo, EgyptG.MAbd El-Hamed- Weed Research LaboratoryJournal Article20091102
Larva of cotton leaf worm,<em> Spodoptera littoralis</em> ate and digested an average of 13.79 and 10.82g, respectively of untreated castor bean leaves during its whole sixth instar. These amounts significantly reduced when larvae were fed on leaves treated with different concentrations of neem seed kernel methanolic extract. The reduction was concentration dependent, i.e., an increase in neem extract concentration caused an obvious decrease in the amount of ingested or digested leaves. The consumption and digestion indices are always negative indicating that treated castor bean leaves are not preferred by <em>S. littoralis</em> larvae for feeding. These indices decreased as the concentrations of neem extract increased<strong>. </strong>Approximate digestibility in <em>S. littoralis</em> sixth instar larvae averaged 78.50%. This percentage insignificantly fluctuated between 77.71 and 81.08% when larvae were fed on castor bean leaves treated with different concentrations of neem extract. Efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food to body substances (ECI and ECD) are an overall indicators for ability of <em>S. littoralis</em> larvae to utilize ingested and digested food for growth and food storage in the insect. Such values depend upon the food digestibility, its nutritional values and the ingestion rates. ECI and ECD in larvae fed on untreated leavesreached 22.25 and 28.25%, respectively. These values decreased after feeding the larvae on treated leaves. The decrease was gradually occurred as the concentration of neem extract increased to reach the minimum value at the highest concentration (0.025%).Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301SOME FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESSFUL APIS MELLIFERA QUEEN REARING IN SOHAG2132191500310.21608/ajs.2010.15003ENI.MEl-Metwally- Mubarak City for Scientific Research, Arid Lands Cultivation and Development Research Institute, Borg El-Arab, EgyptR.M.HTagourWeed Research LaboratoryJournal Article20090722Studies were accomplished to identify the important factors affecting successful virgin queens production in Sohag during 2007 and 2008 years. In order to find out the best teaching for rearing virgin queens by grafting method. Markedly differences in the mean number of virgin queens between single and double grafting methods, specially in spring and autumn seasons; in spring mean number of accepted cells of 43.77 with 37.66 emerged queens and 49.85 with 47.07 emerged queens were obtained when single and double grafting were used methods respectively. Spring season was favorable for queens rearing, followed by autumn and summer, while winter season came the latest. There was a clear relationship between larval age at grafting and the larval acceptance, one day old worker larvae gave the highest number of virgin queens emerged. On the other hand, the queen must be removed outside the hive 48 hrs before starting larval grafting to obtain the highest numbers of accepted queen cells. In general, double grafting, situating the cell cups frame in the hive center of the hive and fitting the cell cups on the top and bottom bar, gave the best method for queens acceptance and queens production. However, cell cups fitted on the edges of the bars were successfully reared when ambient temperatures were high in spring season, but queen cells in the center of the hive's brood nest were correlated with higher temperature and had a greater chance for emergence.Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301TOLERANCE OF HONEY BEE COLONIES TO VARROA DESTRUCTOR (ANDERSON AND TRUEMAN) AND THE ECONOMIC THRESHOLD OF THE PARASITE IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA2212261500610.21608/ajs.2010.15006EN. OmranNageh, S.M1- Plant Protection Dept., Faculty of Agric., Sohag Univ., Sohag, EgyptMabrouk; M.S.O.2- Beekeeping Res., Dept., Plant Protection Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, EgyptMohannaK.M.3- Plant Protection Dept., Faculty of Agric., South Valley Univ., Qena, EgyptJournal Article20091213Experiments were carried out on honey bee colonies (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) during the winter of 2008 and spring of 2009 using colonies wintered with five levels of varroa infestation (0.0, 3.8, 9.0, 13.1 and 22.9%) in the Central Region of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The goal of the present work is to determine varroa treatment thresholds and colony collapse level. Response variables examined included varroa mite infestation level (%), cm<sup>2</sup> of brood number of frames of brood, number of frames covered with adult honey bees and mites recovered on sticky boards. The data obtained reveled that no significant differences were noticed in cm<sup>2</sup> of brood, number of frames of brood, and number of frames of bees in colonies (range of 0.0 to 9.0% varroa infestation or 0.0 – 0.9 mites/bee). Colonies with 13.1% infestation (0.13 mites/bee) exhibited a significant reduction in all measures of performance. The present results suggested that honey bee colonies can tolerate a level of 9.0% varroa infestation (0.9 mites/bee) during the winter without evidence of colony injury. It also suggested that 13.1% infestation (0.13 mites/bee) is the colony collapse or economic injury threshold in the Central Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also colonies with 12.3 or more mites falling on sticky boards after 48-hour period were likely to have lower populations of bees and brood the following spring.Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301COMPARATIVE STUDIES BETWEEN SOME SESAME CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT EDAPHIC AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS971211500710.21608/ajs.2010.15007ENJournal Article20091205Two successive field experiments were carried out during two seasons (2006 and 2007) at three Agricultural Experimental stations of Desert Research Center (DRC) in three locations: El-Maghara, El-Wadi El-Gedeed and Maryout to evaluate variation, mean performance and stability parameters of four diverse sesame cultivars. Also, study the oil content, physical and chemical properties, fatty acids composition of oil and proteins patterns in seeds of the tested cultivars (Shandaweel 3, Toushki 1, Giza 32 and Taka 3). The results obtained could be summarized in the following categories:-
Wide range of variability between locations and high genotypic differences were detected. The genotype x environment interaction was significant and a major portion of this was accounted by the deviation among source of variations. Hence, the genotypes tested had a wide diversity and ranked differently among locations and seasons.
The average plant height, number of branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, 1000-seed weight, grain yield/plant, grain yield/feddan and oil yield/feddan were recorded under El-Wadi El-Gedeed, El-Maghara and Maryout locations. Toushki 1 recorded the highest values across different locations for Number of capsules/plant (46.21), number of seeds/plant (47.27), seed yield/plant (14.76 g.), seed yield/feddan (333.84 kg.) and oil yield/feddan (168.56 kg.). El-Wadi El-Gedeed location is considered the best location for most studied traits except for number of branches/ plant. On the other hand, Maryout location (calcareous 34% CaCo<sub>3</sub>) recorded the lowest values for all traits under study; such findings may be due to the differences between soil and irrigation water types.
Stability parameters were fitting together in determining the stable genotypes Toushki1, Shandaweel 3, Giza32 and Taka3 overall tested environments. Genotypes varied in their calculated bi values as well as S<sup>2</sup>d<sub>i</sub> . Toushki 1 is the most stable genotype across different environments and for all traits under study except for number of capsules/plant. However, genotypes produced higher yield such as Toushki 1 and Shandaweel 3 showed below average stability and were well adapted for El-Wadi El-Gedeed conditions.
Oil content was increased while protein content was decreased significantly in seeds of Shandaweel3 and Toushki1 under El-Wadi El-Gedeed location. However, acid value was decreased for all cultivars except Taka 3 under El-Wadi El-Gedeed location at zero and 6 months of storage. On the other hand, the oil of all sesame cultivars which grown under El-Wadi El-Gedeed location had a higher iodine value than oil of the same cultivars under El-Maghara location. In Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301PRELIMINARY STUDIES USING GIS AND FIELD SURVEY TO DETERMINE LAND COVER IN EGYPT2292361500910.21608/ajs.2010.15009ENJournal Article20091117
In the present study a suitable methodology is developed for estimating crop area by integrating remote sensing and GIS based on land survey approach. Area frame surveys are common approaches to gather land cover data. In contrast to mapping approaches, area frame sampling is a statistical method. Based on the visual observation of sample geo-referenced points, area estimates are computed and used as a valid generalization without studying the entire area under investigation. The approach has also the important advantage of not involving/disturbing the land owners and the farmers. The survey concerning the estimation of yield for the major crop will be carried out by cutting small samples in the field. The sample covers the whole Nile valley and the delta, the observed area is about 35000 km² and the distance from South to North is about 1000 km. Digital topographic maps 1:5000 and SPOT5 satellite Images was used, 2,5m resolution, Ortho-rectified (DTM). The survey used the WGS84, Universal Transverse Mercator 36 N, which parameter are given hereafter. Three thousands sites were visited during the winter crop survey, the sample could be constituted of a sub-set of these sites and one point will be designed in each of the selected sites. If this point is wheat, it will be included in the yield sample and visited at harvest time. The sub sample is defined as points of observation, 250m x 250m apart; there are 10 points of observation, which are called points. They are located in two lines East-West of 5 points. There suits of winter survey of Nile Delta and Nile valley is about 12591563 Feddan. The main results of the field survey were that the total cultivation area is almost 76609500 Feddan. The cultivation area is covered about 61% of the total Nile Delta and Nile valley. Field crop is the major area in the Nile valley and Nile Delta, its cover about 48% of the total area of the NileValley and Nile Delta. Furthermore, the field crops cover about 79% of the total cultivation area.
Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301RESPONSE OF RICE AND ASSOCIATED WEEDS TO BIOREGULATOR (BIO HORM) SPRAY AND WEED MANAGEMENT IN SALINITY SOIL1231341501110.21608/ajs.2010.15011EN, A.F.;Abou-Hadid1- The Central laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.; M.A.Medany1- The Central laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; M.Abdrabbo1- The Central laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; M.K.Hassanein1- The Central laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; A.A.Farag1- The Central laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, EgyptS.M.Abolmaaty1- The Central laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; A.A.Khalil1- The Central laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, EgyptR.M.HTagourWeed Research LaboratoryG.MAbd El-HamedWeed Research LaboratoryI.MEl-MetwallyMubarak City For Scientific ResearchJournal Article20091011Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons of 2007 and 2008 at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Agricultural Research Center, at EL-Serw, Damietta Gover-norate Egypt, to study the effect of the bio horm and weed control treatments (Bentazon, Py-razosoulfuron, Fenoxaprop, Penoxsulam, Bentazon + Fenoxaprop, Bentazon + Penoxsulam, Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop, Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam, twice hand weeding and un- weeded check ) on growth, yield, its components and NPK percentage in grains of direct seeded rice as well as associated weeds in salinity soil. Results illustrated that appli-cation of bio horm increased fresh and dry weight of total weeds. Spraying bio horm after 50 days from sowing (DFS) markedly increased rice growth characters (plant height, number of productive till-ers, fresh and dry weight of rice plants), yield and yield components (panicle length, number of pani-cles/m2, weight of 1000 grain, grain and straw yield) and N, P and K% of grain rice, as compared with untreated treatment. All weed control treat-ments caused significant reduction on number, fresh and dry weight of total weeds/m2 after 60 DFS in both seasons. Pyrazosoulfuron treatment gave the highest decrease in total number of weeds followed by Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam and Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop treatments. Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop treatment gave the highest decrease in total fresh weight of weeds followed by Bentazon + Penoxsulam, Pyrazosoul-furon and Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam, respec-tively in the first season. While, in the second sea-son Pyrazosoulfuron treatment gave the lowest values of total fresh weight of weeds. Meanwhile, Bentazon + Penoxsulam was more effective than other treatments in reducing the dry weight of total weeds in both seasons. All herbicidal treatments and hand weeding increased significantly growth, yield, yield components and chemical composition of grain rice. Bentazon + Penoxsulam was superior treatment for increasing number of productive tillers, number of panicles / m2, 1000- grain weight and grain and straw yield as well as NPK percent-age of rice grains in both seasons. While, the same treatment Bentazon + Penoxsulam recorded the highest values of plant height, fresh and dry weight of whole plant and panical length in the first season. While, Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam gave the highest increment in plant height, fresh and dry weight of whole plant and straw yield in the second season. The interaction between bio horm and weed management treatments had significant effect on total fresh and dry weight of weeds, num-ber of productive tillers and 1000 grain weight. Pyrazosoulfuron produced the maximum values of number of productive tillers when bio horm was used in the second season, while, application of Bentazon + Penoxsulam gave the highest values of 1000 grain weight when bio horm was used in the second season. It could be concluded that using the bioregulator (bio horm) resulted in incre-ment of growth and productivity of rice crop under salinity soils. Using the combinations of herbicides caused more reduction of weeds and increased rice grain yield.Ain Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CINNAMON, CLOVE AND GINGER SPICCES OR THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS OF STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS1371541501910.21608/ajs.2010.15019ENNaglaa H.M.HassanenSpecial Food and Nutrition Department, Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural
Researche Center, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20091228In an attempt for utilization of some common spices, cinnamon bark, clove bud and ginger rhi-zom are popular implementations because of their flavoring and antioxidative activity, which mainly comes from polyphenols. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of spices or their essential oils compared with Diamicron30MR (60mg /100g diet) on the occurrence of oxidative stress in serum of induced diabetic rats by measuring the extent of oxidative damage as well as the status of the anti-oxidant defense system. Albino rats weighing 150 ± 5 g were injected with STZ (50 mg/kg) intraperi-toneally for induction of diabetes mellitus. Rats were divided into 17groups (each of 8 rats) of non-diabetic ,diabetic non-treated and diabetic treated rats with spice powders or their essential oils and mixtures. After 8 weeks, the diabetic rats fed on spices or their essential oils significantly decreased levels of blood glucose and significantly increased insulin level. The treatment also resulted in a sig-nificant improvement in lipid profile, liver functions and kidney functions. However, a significantly in-crement in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPH-Px) and concentration of glutathione (GSH) were observed in blood of diabetic rats treated with all of the essential oils. The treated groups showed a significant decrement in thiobarbituric acid reac-tive substances (TBARS) in serum. Since the study of induction of the redox enzymes is considered to be a reliable marker for evaluating the antiperoxi-dative efficacy of the spices, these findings sug-gest a possible antiperoxidative role derived from such essential oils. Treatment with spices or their essential oils reduces the hepatic, renal, pancreat-ic and cardiac histopathological abnormalities as-sociated with STZ – induced diabetes mellitusAin Shams University, Faculty of AgricultureArab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences1110-267518120100301UTILIZATION OF ACEROLA FRUIT AS A SOURCE OF POWERFUL ANTIOXIDANT FOR ENRICHMENT OF SOME PROCESSED FOODS [1551631502510.21608/ajs.2010.15025ENJournal Article20091010Four stages of maturity acerola fruits (Malpigh-ia glabra L.) namely green, mature green/yellow, pale red and ripe mature were analyzed in fresh and dried at 50˚C under vacuum. Also, fresh fruits were used to prepare jam and mixed with different ratios of fig fruit. Results showed that protein con-tent was gradually decreased from 1.12 for green to 0.82% for ripe mature stage of acerola, while, the titratable acidity was decreased gradually with increasing the maturity stage while, the pH and soluble solids were gradually increased. The high-est percentages of reducing and total sugars were observed for pale red stage and the lowest were showed in green stage. Also, ascorbic acid was higher in green/yellow mature while in pale red and ripe stages were lower. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC in acerola fruit. The detected phenolic compounds were gallic, protocatechuic, catchein, catechol, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, ellagic, ferrulic, coumarine and cinnamic in both fresh and dried acerola. The green/yellow maturity of acerola extract recorded the highest percent of total antioxidant activity (74.46 %) while the lowest total antioxidant activity was observed in the ripe mature acerola (20.75%). Sensory evaluation of jam prepared from acerola and mixed with fig 1:1 recorded the highest scores compared to other prepared jams. Meanwhile, the content of ascorbic acid and total antioxidant activity were increased by increasing the percent of acerola fruit