@article { author = {Mohamed, F. and Abdel-Hamid, K. and Omar, Genesia and El-Safty, Basma}, title = {IN VITRO MICROTUBERIZATION OF POTATO: EFFECT OF EXPLANT DENSITY, SOURCE, AND GENOTYPE}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {243-257}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13577}, abstract = {This study was conducted to examine explant density and source on production of in vitro potato microtubers, as well as survey of different newly-introduced potato cultivars for their microtuberization capacity at the Plant Tissue Culture Facility of the Department of Horticulture, Suez Canal University between 2014 until 2016. Results indicated that as culture density from single node explants increased, microtuber number and yield/petri dish were also increased. However, at the lowest density (10 explants/petri dish), the % tuberization and the average microtuber weight increased significantly over the higher densities (20, 25 and 30 explants/petri dish). Potato microtuber production from plantlets grown in vitroon microtuberization induction medium (liquid over solid media) was also studied using 5, 10 and 15 plantlets per jar.Results showed that microtuber number and yield/jar increased gradually with increasing plantlet density. However, on per plantlet basis, microtuber number increased at the lowest density. Microtuber yield/jar increased significantly at the highest density (1099 mg/jar) compared to 563.6 mg/jar at the lowest density. Average microtuber weight was also affected by culture density and genotype. At the lowest density, microtubers were significantly heavier than at the high density, and the cv. 'Safrane' recorded the highest weight per microtuber. Regarding the effect of explant source on microtuber production, results indicated that the use of single node explants derived from the top of the plantlet produced more microtubers than those taken from the basal part, or 3 node segments. Explant source also affected microtuber yield/dish. Single nodes from the top produced the highest yield compared to 3-nodes segment from the top (205 vs. 104.8 mg). The highest mean microtuber fresh weight was obtained from the culture of 3-node layered segment from the plantlet base, while single nodes from the top recorded lower microtuber fresh weight. The highest microtuber fresh weight was recorded in cv 'Universa' (114.3 mg) using single nodes from the plantlet base. Differences among the tested potato cultivars in microtuber production were detected.}, keywords = {Solanum tuberosum L,microtuber,microshoots,planting density,explant,genotypes}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13577.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13577_c1905946ac090806b8384d7c0dd97738.pdf} } @article { author = {Abd El-Salam, A. and El-Daly, Eman and Y.A. Hamouda, Y. and El-Safty, S. and El-Attar, A}, title = {EFFECT OF STRAIN, SEASON AND BREEDER'S AGE ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR LAYER DEAD EMBRYO}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {259-269}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13579}, abstract = {The effect of breederʼs strain (Hy-line Brown and Hy-line White W36) flock aged (28, 36, 46, 55, 66 weeks of age) and breeding season on some physiological measurements in egg, demand organs, dead supply organs and lymphoid organs were examined. At each age, 10 unhatched eggs from each genotype were examined on embryo weight percentage, Chorioallotoic  weight %, albumen pH %, yolk pH %, residual yolk %, pectoral  muscles weight %, hatch muscles weight %, heart, liver, lunges, spleen, burse weight percentage. There was a significant difference between layer breeder genotypes for lunges weight percentage the brown was higher (0.84) than the white (0.62). The breeding season had a significant effect on heart, liver, lunges weight percentages in winter higher than summer but yolk pH and residual yolk the summer higher than the winter. Breeder's age significant effect on embryo weight percentage, Chorioallotoic weight %, albumen pH %, yolk pH%, residual yolk %, hatch muscles weight % heart, liver, lunges and burse weight percentage.  It could be observed that the genetic differences among layer breeder strain and age of breeders can affect the hatchery performance. Additionally, handling of hatching eggs and incubation management can play a major role to overcome numerous hatching problems. In turn, increasing the production of table eggs and achieves the balance between supply and demand of that strategic commodity in Egyptian market.}, keywords = {Strain,season,Age,Demand organs,Supply organs and lymphoid organs}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13579.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13579_c3c2876d868f395e85ba6d29a7fa19cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Kamal, Sheraz and El-Sayed, A. and Hassan, Amal and El-Shazly, Hoida and Ibrahim, Manar}, title = {USE OF OKARA WASTE FOR ALGAE NUTRITION}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {271-279}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13588}, abstract = {Chlorella vulgaris belonging to Chlorophyta and Nannochloropsis  oculata belonging to Chrythophytawere used in the currentstudy to evaluate whether their successive indoor growth using industrial food waste (okara) as a growth medium enriched with organic carbon and nitrogenThe basic nutrient solutions were BG-II for Chlorella, while F2 was used for Nannochloropsis growth. Okara was used in four concentrations ( 25 , 50 , 75 and 100% )  verses to control and based on its initial nitrogen content. Original waste was diluted by 4 fold of tape water prior inoculation. The investigated parameters were dry weigh (g.l-1); total chlorophyll (mg.l-1) and total carotenoids (mg.l-1). Maximum dry weight of Chlorella was obtained with 25% of okara waste. As for Nannochloropsis, a slight increase was observed with all okara concentrations used. Lower okara concentration (25%) enhanced chlorophyll accumulation by Chlorella vulgaris, while higher concentration (100%) reached the maximum with Nannochloropsis oculata. Completely opposite pattern was observed with total carotene.}, keywords = {Okara,chlorophyta,Chrythophyta}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13588.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13588_e820f506d139a00df8c36d653d01587b.pdf} } @article { author = {Abouzied, S. and Abd El-latif, Amal}, title = {NONOSMOTIC EFFECT OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ON PERCENT SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF RICE}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {281-287}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13594}, abstract = {Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting crop productivity. For this reason, two greenhouse experiments were conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, during the year 2015 using two rice varieties to evaluate the effects of various levels of osmotic stress caused by polyethylene-glycol 6000 (PEG) and NaCl. Furthermore, it was tested whether the inhibitory effect of salinity on growth, sodium and chloride concentration by two different varieties was greater under NaCl or PEG treatment. The first experiment was undertaken to separate osmotic and ionic aspects of salinity damage to rice (Oryza sativa L.).Seedlings of IR28 (salt-sensitive) and Nona Bokra (salt-tolerant) rice varieties were transferred to salinized nutrient solution containing 85 mol m-3NaCl (-3.0 bars) with or without   PEG 6000 (-2.0 bars, 45 gL-1).  Plants were grown up to 30 days in the salinized solutions. The second experiment was designed to determine the effect of salinity (85 mol m-3NaCl) with or without PEG 6000 (-0.5 bar, 11 g L-1)on growth, uptake and transport of sodium and chloride in two rice varieties differing in salt tolerance.  The results indicated that survival of salt-tolerant variety (Nona Bokra) was increased significantly by adding PEG (-2.0 bars). The addition of PEG also reduced the rate of death of rice plants compared with NaCl alone. Also, data showed that PEG 6000 (0.5 bar, 11 gL-1) reduce sodium concentration in root of IR28 and   Nona Bokra but its effect upon sodium concentration in shoot of the two varieties was more pronounced than the reduction of Na+ concentration in root.  Highly significant differences were obtained between zero and 11 gL-1 PEG. The result of this study is strongly indicated that addition of PEG dramatically lessened the toxicity of NaCl to rice seedlings.}, keywords = {Nonosmotic,salinity,rice,sodium,chloride}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13594.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13594_867d74fcb692d9198639ad2b59f260bd.pdf} } @article { author = {Abouzied, S and Abd El-latif, Amal}, title = {EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL ON SURVIVAL PERCENT AND UPTAKE OF Na+ AND Cl- IONS BY RICE PLANT}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {289-297}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13596}, abstract = {Salinity is a stress factor affecting the production of crop in many regions.  Calcium can reduce Na+ transport to shoots in rice. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, during 2015 growing season of rice to evaluate the effect of different calcium concentrations on survival percent along with uptake of Na+ and Cl- ions by two varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) differing in salt-tolerance. The first experiment was undertaken to study the effect of different calcium concentrations on survival percent of IR28 (salt-sensitive) and Nona Bokra (Salt-tolerant) seedlings which were transferred to salinized nutrient solution containing 0.5% NaCl and a variable calcium concentrations at 4, 40, 100 and 200 ppm; plants were grown up to 40 days. The second experiment investigated the effect of different calcium concentrations on growth, uptake and transport of Na+ and Cl- ions in the two rice varieties differing in salt-tolerance. The seedlings were transferred to salinized nutrient solution containing 0.5% NaCl and calcium ion concentrations at two levels, 4 and 40 ppm. Plants were harvested at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days from salinization. The results indicated that the salt-tolerant variety (Nona Bokra) survived for more than 40 days under exposure to 0.5% NaCl when calcium concentration of the culture solution ranged from 40 to 200 ppm Ca++. The low calcium ion concentration (4 ppm) depressed the growth of plants at 5 and 7 days after salinization.  In Nona Bokra, the shoot had less sodium and Cl than the root. This implies that the salt tolerance of Nona Bokra may be attributed to the restricted translocation of Na+ and Cl- from the root to the shoot. Sodium as well as cloride content in the shoot of IR28 was more than twice that of Nona Bokra.  An adequate amount of Ca+2 tended to lower the salt injury caused by high levels of salinity in rice plants. The effect of calcium ion on salt tolerance varied greatly between Nona Bokra and IR28 varieties.}, keywords = {rice,calcium,sodium,chloride,salinity}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13596.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13596_7440c28e85483338bcbf8c1e39148805.pdf} } @article { author = {El-Nasharty, Shaimaa. and El-Nennah, M and El-Sebaay, A. and Abd El-Nasser, G.}, title = {EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WITH THREE DIFFERENT WATER RESOURCES ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KAFR-SAQR, El-SHARKIA, EGYPT}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {299-317}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13598}, abstract = {Three irrigation water resources were chosen at Kafr-Saqr district, El-Sharkia Governorate to assess their qualities and their impact on soil properties. The chosen irrigation water were fresh, mixed, and drainage water applied during the two successive seasons of winter-summer of (2013 and 2014). Soil samples were collected from each location at four depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-100 cm). Results showed EC values of mixed and drainage water were above the normal range (which should be < 0.7 dS.m-1)). Also, the mixed and drainage irrigation waters had approximately 3.5 and 5.6 folds the salinity of the fresh water. Mean pH values of the collected irrigation water samples were within the permissible limits (6.5 to 8.4). TDS values of the fresh water were within the normal range (< 450 mg.L-1). Meanwhile, mixed and drainage water were classified as of slightly and moderately salinity hazards. The highest values of turbidity were found in the drainage water, then mixed and fresh water. SAR values of fresh water were < 1.0.  The SAR values for mixed and drainage waters ranged from 2.62 to 2.69 and from 3.68 to 3.76, respectively. BOD and COD values violated the standard limits of law 48/1982 (10 mg.L-1 for drainage water and 6 mg.L-1 for fresh water) except for the BOD values of fresh water. The increase in pH values for the soil irrigated with the mixed and drainage. The continuous irrigation of soil by wastewater resulted in continuous increase in EC values. As well as, increase the amount of total soluble salts in all layers. The application of the different irrigation waters led to increase in soluble ion.}, keywords = {Irrigation Water,Soil,chemical properties}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13598.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13598_068b04f94526ef3abde3e7f1cb66bfaa.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdel-Aziz, Badiaa and Dahroug, S. and Abdallah, Y. and Samir, M.}, title = {EFFICIENCY OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES AGAINST NYMPHS OF Bemisia tabaci (GENNADIUS) INFESTING CUCUMBER CULTIVARS UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {319-330}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13602}, abstract = {Two experiments were carried out at the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center and the Experimental Research Station attached to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams Univ., Shalakan, Qalyubyia Governorate. The experiments were conducted for two summer seasons in 2015 and 2016 under unheated multi span plastic house and under open field conditions. Both experiments aimed at investigating the effect of certain weather conditions on the impact of three insecticides used for the control of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) nymphs on four cucumber cultivars. The aims of the plastic house experiment and open field experiment were to investigate the impact of certain climatic conditions (Temperature (Co), Relative humidity (%) on different insecticides efficiencies used for whitefly control compared to untreated  check (without any insecticide application). Lex (Dinotefuran) insecticide was the more effect on the nymphs of B.tabaci inside the plastic house or in the open field followed by Oshin (Thiamethoxam) insecticide. However Bernastar was the lowest efficiency. Concerning effect of climatic conditions, air temperature and relative humidity affected the performance of the three tested insecticides especially during the days with temperature over 35°C.}, keywords = {Insecticides,thiamethoxam,Dinotefuran,Bemisia tabaci,Cucumber Cultivars,Climatic change}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13602.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13602_b306dacc581c1f4b324c353ea2c16cbd.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohamed, Shaimaa and Abdel-Megeed, M. and Mohamed, K. and Ebeed, Naglaa and Hammad, A.}, title = {CYTOTOXICITY OF IMIDACLOPRID AND MYCLOBUTANIL PESTICIDES ON THREE CANCER CELL LINES}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {331-338}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13607}, abstract = {Three cancer cell lines, i.e. HEpG-2 (human liver carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast adeno-carcinoma), and PC3 (Prostatic Small Cell Carcinoma) were used to determine the cytotoxic effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) and conazole fungicide (myclobutanil). Cytotoxicity was measured by neutral red incorporation (NRI) assay. The lowest concentration of the tested pesticides (0.5 μg/ml) was toxic. With the increase of the concentration up to 80 μg/ml, the Department of plant protection, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams University, shoubra  Elkheima, Cairo, Egypt Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt damage degree of the cellular form and size was more serious. The midpoint cytotoxicity value, (NRI50) for imidacloprid and myclobutanil for HEpG-2, MCF-7, and PC3 cancer cell lines were 110.5, 67.7 and 67.6 μg/ml and 38.12, 41 and 27.5 μg/ml, respectively. In general, myclobutanil was very toxic in the three cancer cell lines compared with imidacloprid.  }, keywords = {Myclobutanil,Imidacloprid,cell line,Cytotoxicity,NRI assay}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13607.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13607_d2596288e59db5ad3eb1845b5897fb37.pdf} } @article { author = {Youssef, L.}, title = {SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ABAMECTIN AND PYRIPROXYFEN AGAINST THE PINK BOLLWORM, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {339-348}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13616}, abstract = {The toxic effect of Abamectin and Pyriproxyfen action on the 1st instar larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) was studied under laboratory conditions. The toxic action of the tested compounds at their estimated LC50 values on some biological aspects of the treated insect as well as total protein content and the activity of b-esterase in the affected larvae were also studied. Based on the obtained results, abamectin was more toxic than pyriproxyfen after 24, 48 and 72 hr of treatment. In addition, the effect of treatment with the LC50 value of both tested compounds on newly hatched larvae was extended to the following developmental stages, represented as some morphological deformities. Also, total protein content in treated larvae increased than their control when Pyriproxyfen was tested but decreased when Abamectin was administered to larval diet. The electrophoretic analysis using SDS-PAGE for β-esterase enzyme in the larval stage fed on diets treated with tested compounds showed clear variation in the dense and number of enzyme bands.}, keywords = {pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella,Abamectin,Pyriproxyfen. -esterase enzyme}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13616.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13616_563d1b537fb67ea8e2a98fa4d6d83373.pdf} } @article { author = {Taher, I. and Kassab, A. and Mahgoob, A. and Taha, Entsar and Banora, M.}, title = {DISEASE COMPLEX IN TOMATO CV. 035 INVOLVING MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA AND FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. LYCOPERSICI}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {349-353}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13617}, abstract = {Experiments in this investigation indicated that the tomato cv. 035 is moderately resistant to Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) since it supports a low population of Mi nematode and retarded fusarial damage in single infections while the plant vigor was unaffected adequately. This resistance was decreased as increased of inoculum levels (from 100 to 2000 IJ2) of Mi and (from 102 to 1010 propagules) of Fol indicating that this resistance is mainly density-dependent. However, co-infection by both pathogens a lesser margin of simulative effect on root galling and wilt severity was occurred. Therefore, wounding by invading IJ5 of Mi proved to be unimportant for establishment of Fol wilt fungus. The results indicated also that, the sequence of infection by nematodes and fungus can predispose the host plant to attack by the other. As with Mi pre infection, nematode causes changes in host that predispose it to fungal attack leading to severe wilt expression. Likewise, pre-infection with for allowed not only more nematode penetration but also more nematode developed than in fungus. Accordingly, the present results led to the fact that, the interactions between Mi nematode and Fol wilt fungus are physiological rather than physical.}, keywords = {Meloidogyne incognita,root-knot nematode,Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici wilt,tomato resistant cultivars,interaction}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13617.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13617_a9819e9c2f039065d06307c5b69e2ef4.pdf} } @article { author = {Hemida, K. and Ziedan, E. and El-Saman, M. and El-Naggar, M. and Mostafa, H}, title = {ETIOLOGY OF FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH GRAPEVINE DECLINE AND THEIR PATHOLOGICAL POTENTIAL}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {355-365}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13618}, abstract = {Decline of grapevine due to soil borne fungi was surveyed during 2013- 2015 summer growing seasons at El-Fayoum, El-Gharbeia and El-Beheira governorates, Egypt, Syndromes of declined grapevine plants included growth retardant of shoot system and root-rot as well as decrease of grapevine fruit yield  quality. Isolation trails from root of declined trees of different grapevine cultivars i.e., superior, flame seedless, King robi and crimson was carried out. The most soil borne fungi associated with root-rotted grapevine were Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizoctonia solaniKuhn and Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Gold. Fusarium spp. are the main fungal associated with different infection types of declined root of grapevine either a singly or in combination with B. theobromae or R. solani as second infection type and third infection type with B. theobromae + R. solani. Under soil artificially infested with 5% (w/w) of each fungal isolates inocula of fourteen isolates obtained were varied for causing wilt and root-rot symptoms of grapevine trees and reducing growth parameters plant height, root length, root size, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root than the control. Botrydiplodia theobromae isolate No. (7)was the most caused root-rot and disease severity of shoot and root of grapevine plant(100%)  followed by Fusarium avenacum caused (87.5%) of root –rot and disease severity of shoot and root. Fouthermore, Fusarium avenacum isolate was the most fungal isolate in reducing growth parameters expect root length.  This is first record that Fusarium avenacum as a causal organism causing root rot disease of grapevine in Egypt.  }, keywords = {grapevine,Root-rot,Etiology,pathological potential,Fusarium spp,Botryodiplodia theobromae,Rhizoctonia solani}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13618.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13618_cc3bcabb24a350ea170da445a18c7d4c.pdf} } @article { author = {Aboelenin, M. and Mahrous, K. and Rashed, M. and Sallam, M.}, title = {MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR- Α (TNFΑ) GENE IN EGYPTIAN RIVER BUFFALOES}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {367-375}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13619}, abstract = {Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) is a cytokine signaling protein which has an important role in the immune system regulation and affect female reproductive performance. The objective of this study was investigation the TNFα gene polymorphism and its potential effects in female buffaloes fertility. The DNA was extracted from the blood of 81 buffalo females and a 592 bp fragment contains the full coding region of TNFα-exon 4 was amplified by PCR which subsequently treated with RsaI restriction enzyme. The PCR-RFLP pattern showed that all the animals had fixed CC genotype and T allele was not detected. Sequencing of amplified fragment (GenBank accession No. KY885010) flowed by sequence alignment with GenBank database revealed that the river buffalo target sequence was homologues to cattle than goat, sheep, human and mouse on DNA and amino acids levels. Comparison of TNFα amplicon with homologues Bubalus bubalis records in the GenBank detected 3 SNPs in exon 4. Two of these SNPs were synonymous while the third located in the 3` UTR. Different effects of some of discovered SNPs on RNA cis-regulatory elements and hn mRNA and mature mRNA secondary structures were predicted.}, keywords = {Egyptian river buffaloes,Tumor Necrosis Factor-α,PCR-RFLP,Single nucleotide polymorphism}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13619.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13619_79fd9fc35fe10df3372f29ce92544f3f.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdel-Hamid, Nermin and Abdel-Khalek, Hanan and Mattar, Z. and Abou-Taleb, Khadiga and Ramadan, El.}, title = {SCREENING OF SOME EGYPTIAN PLANT EXTRACTS FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {377-386}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13620}, abstract = {Plants and plant by-products are now gaining attractiveness in treatment of bacterial infections and food preservation. The objective of this study was to assess antibacterial activity of some Egyptian plant and plant by-products against the locally pathogenic isolates from patients having infectious diseases in our country. Screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and hexane extracts of some plants: grape leaves (Vitis vinifera), mulberry leaves (Morus alba), mallow leaves (Corchorus olitorius) and lemon leaves (Citrus limon) toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp., were investigated. Antibacterial activity was performed by the agar disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extract of tested plant leaves showed promising antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative tested bacterial isolates due to its great ability to extract those polyphenolic and biological active compounds from natural sources which effectively act against broad spectrum bacteria. Ethanol followed by methanol were found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum health and medicinal benefits. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency increase with polarity increasing of the solvents, hence the highest extraction done with ethanol and methanol and the lowest extraction with nonpolar solvent n-hexanedid not exhibit any activity against all the tested bacteria. Irradiation at 5 and 10 kGy did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity of all tested plant leaves. Results indicate the potential of these plants for further work on isolation and characterization of the active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity and its exploitation as therapeutic agents}, keywords = {Irradiation,Antibacterial Plant extracts,Pathogenic bacteria}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13620.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13620_4e4b7002de1dffd2fcd7f665a4eb1f73.pdf} } @article { author = {Hussein, Asmaa and Gamal, Rawia and Refaat, A. and Abdel-Salam, A. and Ramadan, K.}, title = {SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AND ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS AGAINST STAPH. AUREUS ISOLATED FROM PLEURAL FLUID IDENTIFICATION OF THE ACTIVE COMPOUNDS}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {387-401}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13621}, abstract = {A total of 75 pyogenic samples were collected from patients examinated for pyogenic infection in Sednawy hospital and Elmokhtaber laboratories. S. aureus isolated from pleural fluid out of five S. aureus (+ve coagulase, MSSA) exhibits resistant against all the concentration of Ciprofloxacin 0.5-20, Gentamycin 0.5- 5.0 µg/100µl and Amikacin 1 µg/100µl. The highest potent of phytoextracts either extracted by water or methanol was detected by clove comparing with mint, thyme, sage and garlic, whereas garlic essential oil gave completely abolish of S. aureus (P.F). The highest synergism was obtained in combination between the lowest inhibitory concentration of Gentamycin 10 µg/100µl  or Vancomycin 1 µg/100µl or Amikacin 2.5 µg/100µl with thyme Eso (1:3), which resulted to increase the efficacy by 4.4 or 1.5 or 1.6 respectively  comparing to recommended dose of the tested antibiotics alone. Increasing the concentration of garlic essential oil (GEso) from 10 up to 100 µl/well increment the efficacy of inhibition up to 10, 3.7 and 4.5- fold when standard dose of Gentamycin, Vancomycin and Amikacin were used individually against S. aureus P.F. The minimum bactericidal concentration of garlic essential oil was recorded at 2 µl/ml as it resulted to reduce the count to be 0.04%. Analysis of garlic essential oil by GC-MS dedicated six sulfur compounds represented 88.8644% of total detected compounds in garlic essential oil.}, keywords = {S.aureus,antibiotics,Phytoextract,synergistic effects,MBC,16S rRNA,GC-MS spectrometry}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13621.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13621_427367fbb236ab54eaec5d7bfdd5f0a0.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammed, Maram and Mohammaden, T. and Eisa, S. and Rabie, Kawthar}, title = {EFFICIENCY OF EDTA ON ZN AND CU PHYTOREMEDIATION}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {403-409}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13622}, abstract = {Phytoextraction of heavy metal from contaminated soils is promising remediation technology.  In the present study, hyper-accumulator plants, indian mustard (Brassica juncea.( L) czern) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) have been used to remove the excess undesirable concentrations of zinc and copper from contaminated soil. Zinc and copper uptake have been enhanced by adding EDTA to the contaminated soil using two concentrations (2.5 and 7.5 mmol/Kg soil). Accumulation of Zn by the indian mustard shoots and roots under the effect of EDTA recorded 4 to 6 times as adsorbed by the control while less enhancement of Zn uptake was recorded by the ryegrass shoots and roots. On the other hand, Cu accumulation showed significant enhancing by the ryegrass shoot comparing to the indian mustard shoot at the both employed EDTA concentrations. The ryegrass roots gave enhanced Cu uptake at the EDTA conc. 7.5 mmol/Kg soil only while the indian mustard roots recorded an increasing in the Cu-uptake with the two EDTA concentrations}, keywords = {Phytoremediation,zinc,copper,hyper-accumulation,ryegrass,Indian mustard,EDTA}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13622.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13622_d2d51560876762f1d79223c7fae47b61.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadek, Sanaa}, title = {ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR PREDICTING PRODUCTION, NATIONAL CONSUMPTION AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY RATES OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LEGUME CROPS IN EGYPT}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {411-429}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13623}, abstract = {The United Nations announced in 2016 was as international year for Legumes crops. As a part of sustainable food production, legumes are playing a vital role in Egypt for providing people with their needs from plant protein and amino acids. In general, Egypt suffers a gap between domestic production of legumes and consumption needs, particularly of Faba bean, and lentil. Thus, self sufficiency ratios reached 39% and 1.6% for both crops in 2014 respectively ([1]). Consequently, the imported amounts from both products were increasing during 1993 and 2014. So that the average of import value of Faba bean reached to LE 1.7 milliards alone, while lentil reached to LE 583.4 millions during 2010 and 2014, which represent about 66.2% and  22.3% respectively from  the average import value of legume crops.  Due to spread Balkiros injury in 2011, the cultivated area and domestic production of Faba bean has been significantly declined so that import value was increased. While, Faba bean domestic production represents about 78% of total legumes production, lentil represents only 1.3% as average of the period (1993-2014)([2]). The present paper aims to: (a) Identify the most important productivity and consumption indicators for leguminous crops in Egypt by using the equations of general time trend during the period (1993-2014). (b) Analyze statistical methods for predicting the most important economic indicators for legumes during the future period (2015-2024). ARIMA models were used to forecast production, consumption, and self-sufficiency after eliminating time series non-stationary and transferring it into stability or stationary series. This was done to be able to use PC-application econometric software package E-views 8 program. (c) Review, explain and interpret the results of ARIMA forecasting and the general time trend models as guidelines to draw agricultural production policy for legumes. ([1]) Ministry of Agriculture and land reclamation, economic affairs sector, the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics, Public Administration of agricultural economic resources, food balance sheets, various issues. ([2] ) Ministry of Agriculture and land reclamation, economic affairs sector, the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics, Foreign trade of agricultural exports and imports Bulletin, various issues.}, keywords = {General time trend models,ARIMA models ( ),Tests stationary of time series,Testing unit root,Tests assessing prediction}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13623.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13623_7a1cc945a253b5537f9caedfbc9a027a.pdf} } @article { author = {Botros, Howayda and El-Eraky, M. and Qandil, S. and Abdel-Fatah, M.}, title = {ESTIMATING THE DEMAND FUNCTIONS FOR CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS IN BANI SEWAF GOVERNORATE}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {431-443}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13628}, abstract = {This research is concerned with the estimation of farmer’s demand for chemical fertilizers. The data were collected from a sample of farmers in two villages in Bani Sewaf Governorate in the summer of 2015.  Most farmers use two kinds of fertilizers; namely urea and superphosphates. Urea is provided to farmers in certain quotas at subsidized prices through the government controlled agricultural cooperatives. Farmers however find it necessary to rely on the free market to supplement the subsidized quotas of urea.  The research begins by estimating the Cobb-Douglas production functions for two field crops which are wheat and maize. Then the production functions coefficients are used to calculate the underlying cost functions. From the cost functions we were able to drive the conditional demand functions for chemical fertilizers with the help of Shephard’s lemma.   The estimates of all functions seem reasonable and consistent with economic theory. The elasticities of wheat production with respect to urea and superphosphates are 0.27 and 0.03 respectively. The wheat cost function is an increasing function in input prices and in output level. The conditional demand function for urea in wheat production is homogenous of degree zero in input prices; that is doubling the input prices will leave the demand for urea unchanged. Similar results for the maize crop were attained.  The maize production elasticities with respect to urea and superphosphates are 0.16 and 0.06 respectively. The results are statistically significant. The isoquant equation indicates that decreasing urea application by 0.42 sack can be compensated by increasing superphosphates application by one sack in order to keep the level of maize production at 18 ardab per feddan. The conditional demand function for urea reveals that an increase in the price of urea by EGP 5 would reduce the demand for urea by 0.78 sacks.}, keywords = {chemical fertilizers,Production functions,Isoquant curve,Cost functions,Shephard&#039;s lemma}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13628.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13628_ce49a786ddda78d618b6f1f756d88f32.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghaly, Hanan and Emam, Mona and Salah, Manal}, title = {USE THE TRANSPORTATION MODEL IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF POULTRY PRODUCTION UNDER ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS OF PRODUCTION}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {445-466}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13630}, abstract = { The poultry production sector occupies an important position among the animal production sectors, as one of the main sources of animal protein in Egypt, with a value of about 32.4 billion pounds, representing about 28.9 % of the value of animal production in 2014. This is due to the features of this sector of the short production cycle, the speed of capital turnover, as well as the high economic return. The problem of the study is the large variation in poultry prices between production areas and consumption areas, Indicating an inefficient transport system, which is considered one of the most important marketing services for this fast food commodity death under the prevailing climatic conditions, thus ensuring that they reach the consumer as quickly as possible. The study aimed is to propose the best transportation model to transport poultry production from surplus with poultry to those of shortage with poultry governorates, to reach the shortest distance marketing to minimize transport costs and time. The study used the transportation problem as one of the operation research tools to rationalize the poultry redistribution between surplus and shortage governorates during three scenarios. The study showed under the assumption of the first scenario (production and consumption are expected firming), that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 817.4 thousand tons represent about  25.3% of the total production of the republic during the year 2020, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 69.9 million units/km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.5 million tons, represent about 78.1% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 3.2 million tons during 2020. The study also showed that under the assumptions the second scenario (lower production 10% and consumption firming), that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 850.7 thousand tons represent about  29.2% of the total production of the republic, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 76.9 million units / km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.2 million tons, represent about 75.8% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 2.9 million tons. Under the assumption of the third scenario (Production firming and lower consumption 10%) that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 702.3 thousand tons represent about 21.7% of the total production of the republic, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 573. million units / km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.5 million tons, represent about 78.1% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 3.2 million tons. The study recommended the use of scientific methods to rationalize the transport process between the governorates thus achieving cost and time to transfer at least on the side and the other side reduce wastage circulation which serves to provide the appropriate poultry prices.  }, keywords = {Poultry Production,Transportation Model,Scenarios}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13630.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13630_c273bce5f3b371cfbeb278d914e52403.pdf} } @article { author = {Mileek, M.}, title = {AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF SUGAR CROPS IN EGYPT}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {467-479}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13632}, abstract = {Sugar crops are considered to be the most important strategic food commodities, which attract the attention of decision-makers and producers who are concerned with the availability of supply in the markets, the deficit and the food gap. Sugar production depends on two crops in Egypt: sugarcane and sugar beet. A sugar gap due to the inability of the supply of domestic sugar to meet the demand for increased consumer needs, resulting in higher prices. The study aims to study the current situation of the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and to estimate the food gap of sugar. Also, study the most important factors affecting the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and the self-sufficiency rate. Of sugar The research was based on descriptive and quantitative analysis of the economic variables, the subject of the research to measure those variables and the research reached the following results.  The cultivated area of sugar cane and sugar beet has taken an increasing general trend, which is estimated to be about 0.6, 37.7 thousand feddans annually, respectively, representing about 0.19%, 11.3% of the average during the period (2005- 2015) 324.3, 334.6 thousand acres, respectively. The total production of cane sugar has taken a general trend is decreasing, and did not confirm the statistical model, that is, there is relative stability length of study. The production of sugar beet crop has taken an increasing trend, which is estimated at about 810.8 thousand tons annually, representing about 11.6% of the annual average and estimated at 7002 thousand tons. The total amount of sugar produced from both sugar cane and sugar  beets has taken an increasing general trend, and did not confirm the statistical significance, that is, there is relative stability throughout the study period. The food gap of sugar amounted to about 50.35 thousand tons, representing about 1.71% of the average national consumption of sugar, which amounted to 2937 thousand tons during the same period. Self-sufficiency rate of sugar amounted to about 63%, has taken a general trend decreases, and did not confirm the statistical significance, there is relative stability length of the study period. The study of the most important factors affecting the production of cane and sugar beet separately showed the existence of a positive relationship between the total production of each crop separately and the area and productivity of each crop separately, respectively. Study the factors affecting the consumption of sugar during the period of research shows the existence of a positive relationship between national consumption of sugar and the income of the consumer per pound / per year, local production of sugar per thousand tons, and the monetary value to support sugar per million pounds, and the opposite of the amount of national consumption of sugar and the retail price of sugar per kilogram per kilogram and the average global price in dollars / ton.}, keywords = {Food gap sugar production,Self-sufficiency rate of sugar}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13632.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13632_5eb502f2ffc254b640c00774f909cce1.pdf} } @article { author = {Morsi, Said and Mekled, Salah and Esabea, Alaa}, title = {AN ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR EFFECT OF REDUCING WATER VORACIOUS CROP AREAS ON THE CROPPING PATTERN STRUCTURE AND ITS WATER NEEDS}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {481-506}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13636}, abstract = {The research aimed to study the effect of reducing water voracious crop areas, such as (rice, sugar cane, bananas, alfalfa) on the available water quantity in the agricultural sector, where the data analysis showed that the most of the voracious crops especially rice and sugar cane are concentrated at the old lands within the valley as it explained in the research later, therefore, the research focused on inventory and analysis of the old land data within the valley to determine the best alternatives of the cropping pattern which achieves the state's goal of saving water and maximizing the return of the water unit, and is compatible with the current local, regional and environmental water conditions and the future developments that may occur in the future, that by using linear programming, through three models that have been formulated: the first is minimizing water requirement, the second model maximizes the net of acre return, while the third model maximizes the return of the water unit, using available data published and unpublished issued by the concerned authorities. The research focused mainly on the possibility of reducing the water needs of cropping pattern as a main objective, in addition to increasing the self-sufficiency ratios of strategic crops through the first scenario, and increasing the areas of export crops to increase the export proceeds through the second scenario, as far as possible within the available water and land area in the study area, using different statistical models.  The results of the analysis of the statistical models in the first scenario showed that the total quantity of irrigation water available for the cropping pattern of the study crops reached 41.483 billion m3, while 38,604, 38.726, 38.683 billion m3 were used for the statistical models respectively, this indicates that the required water quantities decreased by 2.879, 2.758, 2.800 billion m3, with a change rate of about 6.94, 6.65, 6.75% for the statistical models, respectively.    The net return of the water unit for the actual cropping pattern reached about 1.634 LE/m3, while it reached about 1.755, 1.767, 1.765 LE/m3 for the statistical models respectively, which shows the increase in net return of water unit by 0.122, 0.133, 0.131 LE/m3, with a change rate of about 7.46, 8.17, 8.05%, for statistical models respectively.  The second scenario aims beside minimizing the water needs of cropping pattern, increasing export crop areas such as onions, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes and other vegetables as much as possible, assuming situation stability of foreign trade.  The results of the analysis of the statistical models in the second scenario showed that the total quantity of irrigation water available for the cropping pattern was about 41.483 billion m3, while 38,471, 38.912, 38.803 billion m3 were used for the statistical models respectively, indicating that the required water quantities decreased by 3.013, 2.572, 2.681 billion m3, with a change rate of about 7.26, 6.20, 6.46%, for statistical models, respectively. The net return of the water unit for the actual cropping pattern was about 1.634 LE/m3, while it reached about 1.773, 1.830, 1.833 LE/m3 for the statistical models respectively, which shows the increase in the net return of water unit by 0.139, 0.197, 0.199 LE/m3, with a change rate of about 8.53, 12.04, 12.21%, for statistical models respectively.  Crop rotations can be applied to the new lands using water savings including (wheat and maize), with an area ranging from 2048 to 2399 thousand feddans, and including (wheat and summer and nili vegetables), with an area ranging from 2941 to 3444 thousand acres, also including (maize, winter and nili vegetables), with an area ranging from 3432 to 4021 thousand feddans. With regard to the impact of reducing the area of water crops to water gap which reached about 20.9 billion m3, it decreased by about 2.879, 2.758, 2.800 billion m3, which make water gap decreased to about 18.02, 18.14, 18.10 billion m3, with change rate of about 3.77, 3.61, 3.66%, for statistical models respectively, while the results of the second scenario show decreased of about 3.013, 2.572, 2.681 billion m3, which make water gap decreased to about 17.89, 18.33, 18.22 billion m3, with change rate of about 3.94, 3.37 and 3.51% for statistical models respectively. The research recommends the following points: 1. Reduce the areas of rice, sugar cane and alfalfa to save a quantity of water ranging between 2.572 - 3.013 billion m3 of land within the valley. 2. Using of water savings resulting from reducing the areas of water crops to expand the cultivation of new land with strategic and monetary crops. 3. Sugar beet area can be expanded at least to the extent that it covers the shortage of sugar production caused by reducing the sugar cane area, then taking into account and study the effects resulting from that. 4. Modification of cropping patern structure to be in accordance with the local, regional, environmental situations that may affect current and future water availability.    }, keywords = {linear programming,Cropping Patt ern,Water Duties,Water saving,Water Gap,Wa-ter Balance}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13636.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13636_177499b03169a1d6564c413b8f557716.pdf} } @article { author = {Ibraheim, M. and Rehan, M. and Sarhan, H. and Makled, S.}, title = {STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS AND AGRICULTURAL COSTS AND MEASURES OF PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCY OF WATER USERS' ASSOCIATIONS OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN AL-BEHEIRA GOVERNORATE}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {507-525}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13637}, abstract = {Egypt suffers from future risks due to lack of water especially in the downstream countries, Egypt and Sudan, which depend on the Nile water almost entirely and the upstream countries are moving to raise problems with Egypt and erect dams and pressure on Egypt to achieve the greatest economic benefit possible to prevent Egypt from horizontal agricultural expansion. Egypt is the largest and most dependent country on Nile water, with almost no rainfall. Groundwater is not renewable. Thus, the Nile water accounts for about 97% of Egypt's water resources and the share of the Egyptians is 55.5 billion m3, this quantity of water is insufficient to the needs of the population, and in order to maintain Egypt's per capita water, it needs about 80 billion m3, which means a deficit of 25 billion m3 and stability of Egypt's share of the Nile water under current local, regional and global conditions, and development of the appropriate strategy to alleviate the conflict with the basin countries Nile River so the study aimed to compare production efficiency and the economics of the irrigation systems used in the province of the lake through the study of water user associations in agriculture under the different irrigation patterns within water users association and outside association to rationalize the use of water and raising awareness to increase productivity. The results of the estimation indicated that the economic efficiency indicators of the maize and potato crop farmers in the sample of the field study show the preference of the use of the production function in the logarithmic formula to the different variables affecting the productivity of the crops according to the irrigation systems within the water user associations The results showed that the total production elasticity of maize crop was about 0.720, 0.530, 0.348 for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems, while the value of (R2) was about 0.76 , 0.60, 0.63  for irrigation systems respectively, The results showed that the total productivity of the potato crop was 1.127, 1.16, 1.318, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively, while the value of (R2) was about 0.76, 0.62, 0.70 for irrigation systems respectively. The relationship between the total costs and quantity produced of maize, which showed that the quadratic formula is the best formulas for the data, and the equations show that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the total costs and production of maize in Behera Governorate. In the estimation of the optimal production volume, which reduces the costs is estimated at about 18.7, 22.1, 23.9 ardab/feddan, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. In the estimation of the production volume which maximizes profit, the results showed that this volume was not reached, 29.1, 36.1, 31.9 ardab/feddan, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. Calculating cost elasticity, it reached about 1.19, 0.804, 0.719, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. In order to determine the optimal production volume of the potato crop, which reduces the costs, so make average cost equal marginal costs, estimated  at 12.539, 11.377, 11.064 tons/fed, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. The size of production of potato that maximizes profit was about 42,500, 33.350, 25.600 tons/fed, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. Calculating the cost elasticity of the potato, it turned out that it was about 0.93, 0.804, 0.719 for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. Production efficiency measures are (7), the study of the efficiency of production of maize crop for members of water associations in the sample of the study in Behera Governorate. It was found that the members of the water users association of developed irrigation for in the feddan productivity of maize was exceeded, which was estimated at 23.01 ardab/feddan, while it reached about 19.05, 22.1 ardab/feddan for sprinkler & drop, and flooding systems respectively. Increase the total revenues of the members of water user associations to developed irrigation system for the maize crop, estimated at 8744.7 pounds/feddan while it reached about 7239, 8402.2 pounds/fed for members of the water associations that use sprinkler & drop, and flooding systems respectively.   Increase in return of maize crop for members of water associations users of developed irrigation system, which amounted to about 3529.3 pounds while estimated at about 2204.8, 3270.1 pounds for members of water use associations for sprinkler & drop, and flooding systems respectively. Increase in the profitability of the pound for water use associations of developed irrigation system, which amounted to about 0.677 pounds, the ratio of the total return on the costs of the members of water use associations to flooding irrigation and developed irrigation, estimated at 2.03, 2.07 while estimated at 1.71 sprinkler irrigation, members of water user associations of the developed irrigation system was  exceeded, where the return of cubic meter of water reached about 3.53 pounds, and the productivity of the cubic meter of water for the members of the water user associations showed that the irrigation system of sprinkling and drip was about 5.6 for maize crop. The members of water use associations of for sprinkler & drop irrigation in the potato productivity was exceeded, estimated at 11.250 tons/fed, increase the total income of The members of water use associations of irrigation sprinkling and drip of potato crop, estimated at about 33750 pounds/ fed, shows the increase yield of potato crop members of links irrigation sprinkler system, where reached about 11300 pound. Increase in the profitability of the pound for the members of sprinkler irrigation system, it was about LE 0.5. The members of the water users association of the sprinkler and drip irrigation system, was exceeded, where the return of the use of cubic meters of water was about 18.9 pounds. Showing the return of the use of cubic meters of water for the members of water users association for sprinkling irrigation system, which amounted to about 5.6, The cultivation of maize, and potatoes in the water users' associations was exceeded compared to the different irrigation system in all the centers in the study sample. The second scenario aims beside minimizing the water needs of cropping pattern, increasing export crop areas such as onions, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes and other vegetables as much as possible, assuming situation stability of foreign trade.  The results of the analysis of the statistical models in the second scenario showed that the total quantity of irrigation water available for the cropping pattern was about 41.483 billion m3, while 38,471, 38.912, 38.803 billion m3 were used for the statistical models respectively, indicating that the required water quantities decreased by 3.013, 2.572, 2.681 billion m3, with a change rate of about 7.26, 6.20, 6.46%, for statistical models, respectively. The net return of the water unit for the actual cropping pattern was about 1.634 LE/m3, while it reached about 1.773, 1.830, 1.833 LE/m3 for the statistical models respectively, which shows the increase in the net return of water unit by 0.139, 0.197, 0.199 LE/m3, with a change rate of about 8.53, 12.04, 12.21%, for statistical models respectively.  Crop rotations can be applied to the new lands using water savings including (wheat and maize), with an area ranging from 2048 to 2399 thousand feddans, and including (wheat and summer and nili vegetables), with an area ranging from 2941 to 3444 thousand acres, also including (maize, winter and nili vegetables), with an area ranging from 3432 to 4021 thousand feddans. With regard to the impact of reducing the area of water crops to water gap which reached about 20.9 billion m3, it decreased by about 2.879, 2.758, 2.800 billion m3, which make water gap decreased to about 18.02, 18.14, 18.10 billion m3, with change rate of about 3.77, 3.61, 3.66%, for statistical models respectively, while the results of the second scenario show decreased of about 3.013, 2.572, 2.681 billion m3, which make water gap decreased to about 17.89, 18.33, 18.22 billion m3, with change rate of about 3.94, 3.37 and 3.51% for statistical models respectively. The research recommends the following points: 1. Reduce the areas of rice, sugar cane and alfalfa to save a quantity of water ranging between 2.572 - 3.013 billion m3 of land within the valley. 2. Using of water savings resulting from reducing the areas of water crops to expand the cultivation of new land with strategic and monetary crops. 3. Sugar beet area can be expanded at least to the extent that it covers the shortage of sugar production caused by reducing the sugar cane area, then taking into account and study the effects resulting from that. 4. Modification of cropping patern structure to be in accordance with the local, regional, environmental situations that may affect current and future water availability.    }, keywords = {Water user&#039;s links,Water boards,Water collective,Crop structure,Efficiency productivity measurements}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13637.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13637_e8de989a4a36f2a1bb0910182a92879f.pdf} } @article { author = {Hassan, Esraa and Elsentrecy, M. and Abd-Elmoneam, Salwa and Abdalla, E}, title = {A CASE STUDY TO COMPARE THE COSTS AND RETURNS OF BOTH NORMAL ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AND SEXED ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN COWS}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {527-543}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13639}, abstract = {Achieving food security is one of the main objectives of the national strategy to promote national production. The Egyptian food basket suffers from a lack of protein content. Animal production is an integral part of agricultural and national activity as a whole. The average value of Egypt's production of red meat (livestock and slaughtered animals) during the period (2000-2015) was estimated at about 24.7 billion Egyptian pounds, representing about 38.9% the value of animal production of about 63.4 billion Egyptian pounds on average, Of the value of agricultural production of about LE 179.4 billion for the same period. In the light of the results of the case study carried out in the Dina farms in 2015, it can be said that if this method is circulated using the seminal fluid at the level of the Republic 2015 for female cattle in the age group more than two years at the level of the Republic in 2015 it is expected that the number of males about 43,450 thousand head and number Females were 266,9 thousand, 13.9% and 86.1% respectively. The net realized revenues were estimated at LE 129 million for male production, while the net return on females was LE 7.87 billion, which resulted in increased female production of meat and milk, for livestock breeders in Egypt and then increase Agricultural, livestock and national agricultural income as a whole. While in the case of 2015, at the level of the Republic of the same number of cattle in the age group more than two years (at the age of the first vaccination) in the case of artificial insemination and the application of the costs and revenues of the output obtained, it is clear that the net expected return of male production in this year is about 517 million pounds While the net return on female output was LE 5.12 billion, which showed that there was a significant difference between the percentage of profits obtained. The higher the number of female herds through artificial insemination and the consequent increase in female output and the increase in meat and dairy production. Thus, the application of the method of natural vaccination of livestock in Egypt on all females expected for 2020, which is about 603.72 thousand head, the rate of milk production will be about 9100 kg per head during the production season, noting that the average milk production for the head a day about 35 kg and the number The dairy production season is about 260 days average depending on the state of the animal and the environmental and climatic conditions and the method of nutrition and care. Thus, it is expected that the total value of milk production for livestock is about 27.5 billion pounds in 2020, indicating that the increase in milk production in this way than the following method of vaccination The average value of dairy production in this case was estimated at 17.4 billion pounds for the year 2020, an increase of about 10.1 billion pounds by about 63.3%. This is in favor of the method of artificial insemination, resulting in great economic returns for individual farms, commercial farms and the national level as a whole. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of females in 2020 was estimated at 381.6 thousand. The difference is in favor of artificial insemination, with an increase of about 222.1 thousand females. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of males increases by 304,641 thousand head. And fattening of calves due to inheritance of genetic factors affecting the rate of food conversion. Since the average live weight of a live animal at slaughter is about 400 kg for females, about 450 kg for males, it is expected that the amount of meat for females in the case of artificial insemination is about 249.1 million kg in 2020 while the male meat is about 34.6 million kg. Of males in this way, and this is in favor of dairy farms. The expected amount of meat expected for females in the case of IVF is about 152.6 million kg for the year 2020, while the amount of meat from males is about 171.7 million kg. Milk production is noted in this way and is more important for meat farms So as to increase the number of males. In both cases, there is a clear difference between the profits achieved by these two techniques compared to natural vaccination, where there was a significant difference in the rate of net profit, which proves the effectiveness of artificial insemination in the achievement of self-sufficiency of meat and dairy and the promotion of the livestock sector.  }, keywords = {artificial insemination,Sexed Semen}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13639.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13639_d971be9bc0dc9e7deef13f8d1bd50b5c.pdf} } @article { author = {Hasan, S.A. and El-Saadany, M. and Abdalla, E. and Ryad, Mona}, title = {ECONOMIC IMPACT OF USE OF HEAT STRESS ALLEVIATION IMPOSED ON CATTLE UNDER EGYPTIAN CONDITIONS}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {545-560}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13640}, abstract = {Food security is the main objective of all countries that seek through their various economic policies to try to achieve their social and economic security and stability. The agricultural sector is one of the leading sectors of the national economy and one of the main pillars of economic development. The agricultural production in Egypt includes three main activities: plamt production Livestock production fish production, and the value of animal production in Egypt is about 36.5% of the total value of agricultural production. Undoubtedly, the heat stress on livestock under Egyptian conditions is one of the most important constraints for the production of milk In Egypt at various levels of cattle breeding in general and at the level of commercial farms in particular, which requires studying the economic return of the use of this technique and study the impact on the economics of dairy production. the objectives of the study were to study the current status of the development of the number of cattle producing milk in Egypt, as well as the development of the production quantities of dairy cows, the relative importance of each dairy production and the numbers of warheads, and to see the impact of the use of technology has been studying the statistical estimate of the production functions of milk sample study, as well as the statistical estimate of the terms of use of these costs Technology study sample. The most important results of what has resulted in the following: there is a growing trend year for the number of cows wholesale heads in Egypt during the study period, as they have increased by amounted to 104.24 thousand head annually, has been estimated coefficient of determination about 0.266, meaning that 26.6% of the changes occurring to the number due to Factors that reflect the effects of time. It may be shown that the increase in the number of dairy cattle heads in Egypt during the study period as an average is due mainly to the number of mixed cattle heads due to the apparent stability in the numbers of domestic and foreign cattle. It also shows that there is an increasing general trend of milk production for cows Wholesale in Egypt during that For a period, increasing by about 84.597 thousand tons per year. The R2 is estimated to be about 0.324, which means that 32.4% of the changes occurring in the milk production of cows are due to the factors that reflect the time component. Egypt. Scenarios for the statistical estimation of the cow dairy production function were carried out in the sample of 100 cows before using the technique and 100 cows after using the technology. The elasticity of production prior to the use of the technology was about 0.24, after the use of 0.22 technology. Finally, return m Milk production for dairy cows increased by 27.7 kg / day after the use of the technology at an increase rate of about 18.7% with an expected yield of about 97.7 pounds per cow per day for 87.4 pounds per cow before using the technology. the impact of the use of clear technical and increase the expected return of the cows used our farms under study, which requires dissemination of the use of the technology on the rest of the cattle farms in all parts of the country because of its great economic returns.}, keywords = {heat stress,Production function}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13640.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13640_1746dab53c21026931bddb7d40b965eb.pdf} } @article { author = {Khatlish, M. and Morsi, B. and Abdel Fatah, M}, title = {STANDARD ANALYSIS OF CITRUS CROPS IN THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {561-577}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13643}, abstract = {The study aimed to throw light on the current status of the area, productivity and production of citrus, orange and lemon in Syria, the development of the quantity and value of exports and imports, the export and import price of citrus, the development of the quantity and value of exports and exports price of the orange during the study period, the geographical distribution of Syrian exports of orange for the period (2007-2011), and standard samples for external demand on oranges. The foreign trade of citrus was in Syria the study showed that the production of citrus growing at a rate of about 38.12 thousand tons per year and the cultivated area of citrus growing at of about 1.35 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not significant in any mathematical relation. The production of oranges increased by about 45% per year and the cultivated area of oranges increased by about 0.94 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not substantiated in any mathematical relation. The production of lemons increased by about 6.73 thousand tons per year, growing at of about 0.28 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not substantiated in any mathematical relation during the study period. The quantity of citrus exports increased by 24.9% per year, the value of citrus exports increased by 25.5% per year, the quantity of imports of citrus is increasing at a rate of about 19.5% annually, the value of imports of citrus is increasing at a rate of 24.9%, the quantity of exports of oranges is increasing at a rate of about 23.1% annually and the value of exports of oranges is increasing by 18.1%. The export price of oranges decreased by about $ 22.09 per year. In addition, the factors determining the average per Iraqi capita share of Syrian orange has been studied which indicated inverse relation between the dependent variable and the Syrian export price per kilogram in dollars, with an increase of 1% the average per Iraqi capita share of Syrian orange decreased by 2.45%. As well as a positive relation between the dependent variable and the average per Iraqi capita income in dollar and the export price of Turkey in dollars, by the increase of these factors of 1% the average per capita Iraqi quantity of Syrian orange increased by 1.98% and 1.37%, respectively. In addition, the factors determining the average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian oranges were calculated according to the export price of Syria in dollars. The model shows a positive relationship between the dependent variable and the export price of Lebanon in dollars. The average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian oranges was 2.88% and 0.75% respectively, which shown an inverse relation between the dependent variable and the export price of Syria in dollar, with an increase of 1%, the average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian orange decreased by 4.4%. The most important indicators of foreign trade of Syrian orange for the most important countries showed Russia in the first position in terms of the market share, which is about 96.1% of the total Syrian exports. It is clear that for political reasons between Syria and Russia. Then, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait came second with 1.7% of Syrian exports.    }, keywords = {Individual demand function,External indicators of Syrian citrus,Trend time equation citrus}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13643.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13643_4106b50262586d155cf0de526882d809.pdf} } @article { author = {Areef, Neveen and Nasr, M. and Sarhan, H.}, title = {STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH NATIONAL AND AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT IN EGYPT}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {579-595}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13645}, abstract = {Agriculture occupies an important position in the Egyptian economy. However, the agricultural sector is still undergoing many economic conditions and problems which have been hindered in the way of its development and modernization, which has directly or indirectly affected the role of the agriculture sector in economic development. Investment is one of the main means of development, The success of the development policy depends to a large extent on the volume of investments available and how they are distributed among different programs as well as the efficient use of those investments. Investment is one of the important tools in bringing about the structural change of the national economy. Through investment, technical progress plays its fundamental role. The rule is that any technical progress necessarily necessitates investment spending. If we look at economic growth in terms of work, investment projects contribute to increasing employment, Work productivity through increased capital intensity. This study deals with the current situation of national investment as well as agricultural investment in both public and private sectors in Egypt during the period 2000-2015, as well as the impact of the revolution of 25 January 2011 on the investment situation in Egypt. The time series was divided into three periods 2005), the second period (2006-2010) and the third period (2011-2015), the period of the revolution and beyond. The most important results are as follows: The general agricultural investment at current prices increases during the period of study (2000-2015). The revolution of 25 January also had a positive effect on the increase in general agricultural investment for the first and second periods.  }, keywords = {National product,Agricultural income,Private investment,Public investment}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13645.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13645_598befc9ca4e1ad3b7014c6c65aee748.pdf} } @article { author = {Diab, Hend and Elsabbagh, Mohamed}, title = {GENDER ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL ROLE IN RURAL FAMILY OF THE NEW VALLEY GOVERNORATE}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {597-614}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13646}, abstract = {The current study aims to: 1) identify role's perceptions, expectations and behavior within the family from gender perspective in the study area, 2) identify the differences of perceived, expected practice roles of men and women in rural family, 3) identify the interrelationships between role of gender in rural family and 4) identify factors influencing role perceptions, expectations and behaviors from a gender perspective in rural families. Data were collected from a sample of 110 families in the village of Palestine in the El-Kharga district in The New Valley Governorate using a questionnaire form prepared to achieve the objectives of the study. Data were collected during October and November 2016. The frequencies, percentages, mean, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and (T) test in the presentation and analysis of results. Findings revealed that the relative weight of men's 'perceptions of their role in the household reached 77.88% while the relative weight of women's perceptions of their roles reached 73.03%. 96.36% and 69.09% for role expectations while 71.15% and 68.79% for role behavior of men and women in rural family. The results also indicate significant differences between men and women with regard to perceptions, expectations and behaviors of the social role within the rural family. The results also indicate that there are 11 significant correlations between the levels of the role according to the gender in the rural family. Regarding the factors affecting role perceptions, expectations and behaviors within the family, the results indicate a significant correlation between the type of family as an independent variable with the role perceptions and behaviors of women, the number of family members and the expected role of women, the number of female and role expectations of women in the family. Regarding the social role of men, the results indicate the significance of the correlation between the wives' work status and participation in family expenditure as independent variables with the role perceptions and behavior of the of men within the family.      }, keywords = {Gender,role,Rural family,New Valley, Egypt}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13646.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13646_2b0e645d81c107278fe84fdf5d640955.pdf} } @article { author = {Zaki, F. and Ahmed, Thanaa and Sahrhan, H.}, title = {FIELD STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN GIZA GOVERNORATE 2017}, journal = {Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {615-632}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture}, issn = {1110-2675}, eissn = {2636-3585}, doi = {10.21608/ajs.2017.13647}, abstract = {It is one of the most serious problems facing Egyptian agriculture, which is working to eat agricultural area Where farmland represents one of the most important agricultural economic resources in the provision of food, where is the problem of constant encroachment on farmland and converted from agricultural use to other uses of non-farm as the total agricultural land has been encroached upon construction during the period Area (1983 - 2010) about 64 Thousand acres in addition to the encroachment on about 38.46 thousand acres since the wealth of January 25, 2011 until 28/9/2014, which led to a decline in the average per capita agricultural land in Egypt from about 0.133 acres / population in 1983 to about 0.112 acres / people in 2011, was where the study problem in increasing encroachment on the land Agricultural Giza especially governorate Doanh the post-January 25 Revolution 2010 study was conducted to identify the effects of Aguetsadahoalajtmaih leveling farmland in Giza Governorate 2017 season. Where the characteristics and motives of the establishment of private projects and land has been identified, and this motivation strengthens the doctrine of the importance of infringement by seeing others from projects that are based on their negative impact on the neighboring lands of the project, especially if the success of the project and the desire to imitate this behavior or create a new project The previous project, whether through raw materials or taking advantage of the product of the former resident on the lands beyond it, which sees the oppressor as an incentive for the tradition and Altadam on the infringement of the other and waiting for what happened to him before the establishment of a plant on the land beyond it and did not see the behavior of Alchk Meh it packs serious and immediate accountability and behavior, whether or removal or punishment Salehbh both. It was concluded that the owners of the first Mivkron project is the amount of income obtained by the search for the compensation of what was obtained before the establishment of the project and shows the table what the project owner gets from the agricultural land before the establishment of the project and the income obtained after the establishment of the project and depends on the difference in income, The project, where it was found that the owner of a poultry farm was obtained on average on 94.4 pounds / month as the value of rent or equivalent percentage of the crops produced from the area on which the project is established (poultry farm, which is 5.28 i), while the increase rose to 12.3 thousand pounds, increase of about 13.56% than once The average monthly income before the establishment of the stadium amounted to about 193 pounds / month, which rose about 8 thousand pounds / month, an increase of about 4145% of what was obtained of the agricultural land, while the income of the owner of the wedding hall before the establishment of about 113.3 pounds / month of agricultural land, while the rise to about 4 thousand pounds from the wedding hall, an increase of 3530% of what was obtained from the ground. Although the satisfaction of the projects on the land above it is much higher than the return of agricultural land, this high return of projects does not correspond to the degree of food deprivation for future generations as a result of conversion of agricultural land to special projects in all wars and the occurrence of fodder or influence the political decision to import food and provide of society as a whole.}, keywords = {Agricultural economic resources,net profit,productivity}, url = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13647.html}, eprint = {https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_13647_014afade40d73f42127b7a0091dea31d.pdf} }