SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISES AS A MECHANISM TO EMPOWER RURAL WOMEN FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION
Gehan A.G.
Elmenofi
Agriculture Extension and Rural Development Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
author
Shereen Maher
Waked
Agriculture Extension and Rural Development Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
author
text
article
2013
eng
Poverty represents one of the development challenges that faces the developing countries in general and Egypt in particular. Though poverty alleviation came on the top priorities of the third millennium goals, as in 2002 about 20.4% of Egyptian people were suffering from objective (absolute) poverty which means that about 13.7 million people are unable to fulfill their basic needs and about 31.8% suffer from subjective poverty. Poverty risk looks ostensibly equal between men and women, but women in general and female headed households suffer more. Therefore small-scale enterprises are one of the mechanisms that lead to poverty alleviation especially among females. This requires coordination among all relevant stakeholders governmental and non- governmental, besides to reform the financial sector and stimulate it to deal with local and financial needs of small-scale enterprises, and to facilitate poor people’s access to appropriate financial services. In light of the previous review, the current study aims at describing poverty status in Egypt and the system that incubate small-scale enterprises and stakeholders as well as beneficiaries and rural women in particular. The study depended on review of literature and secondary data and case studies that reflects one of the civil society organizations experience working in development through providing small-scale enterprises for poor people in rural areas. The case studies covers three governorates: Fayoum, Beni-suef and Menia with a total number of 20 case studies who received livestock production projects with no interest rate, aiming at identifying the problems and solutions to improve the performance of small-scale enterprise providers as well as beneficiaries. The results revealed that successful stories can be attributed to the strong will of beneficiaries to improve their livelihoods, besides the role of the organization in collaborating with local leaderships within the villages, which helped to identify and monitor those beneficiaries. Based on contracting between the provider and beneficiaries to guarantee rights and obligations of both partners, also providing training and follow-up and evaluation played great role in the success of the projects and its sustainability. As for the failures, it was related to poor capabilities of the beneficiaries (widowers) who were affected by various challenges one of which is socialization, lack of skills and health problems.
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-2675
21
v.
2
no.
2013
99
120
https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14750_0f083da935d6bfec1c3e4dbb3a3d8dc5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2013.14750
A STUDY OF CUSTOMARY JUDGMENT AS A MECHANISM OF SOCIAL CONTROL IN NORTH SINAI GOVERNORATE
Hussien M.
Tohamy
Departement of Rural Sociology, Socio-Economic Studies Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
author
text
article
2013
eng
The study aimed mainly to explore the customary judgment in the study area from the viewpoint of respondents, identify their personal and social characteristics, and determine barriers faced the local judgment and their suggestions to overcome it. Data were collected from 33 proposed respondents distributed on seven tribes in North Sinai governorate, using questionnaire form during May 2010. Frequencies, percentages, and average were used for data display. Findings show that about one third of respondents are illiterate, 81.8% of them are located in the category of high leadership, and 72.7% of them are highly exposed. The most important criteria of the selection of customary judges are heredity, biography, and social status. The main sanctions imposed by local judges are fines (camels), oath, and compensation. The most important obstacles facing customary judgment are the highly expenses incurred by the judges in the transition to conflect place and communication, with weak financial potential of some judges, and relying on the judicial wisdom and sideburns only without reference to the experienced people, especially in the emerging issues on the Sinai community
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-2675
21
v.
2
no.
2013
121
131
https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14813_b1d3761ed0a129d68513b491c5e7dd36.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2013.14813
MEASURING JOB CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION CENTERS' PERSONNEL IN ASSIUT GOVERNORATE USING HACKMAN AND OLDHAM’S MODEL
Mohamed M.M.
Abdel-Ghany
Department of Rural Sociology & Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture,
Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
author
text
article
2013
eng
The purpose of this study is to measure the job characteristics of agricultural extension centers' personnel in Assiut governorate using Hackman and Oldham’s Model, and to examine the model fit with the current study. The job diagnostic survey was used as the assessment tool to measure the components of the job characteristics model. Data were collected from all of the agricultural extension centers' personnel in Assiut governorate (84 personnel) by questionnaire. The job characteristics model’s overall fit with the data was evaluated using common model goodness of fit measures estimated by AMOS. The results showed that dealing with others and feedback received the highest ratings; autonomy and skill variety received the lowest ratings from the core job characteristics. The moderate feelings towards the core job dimensions yielded a low motivating potential score. Knowledge of results yielded the highest rating and experienced responsibility yielded the lowest rating from the psychological states. Internal work motivation received the highest rating and growth satisfaction received the lowest rating from the personal/work outcomes. Stimulating work environment yielded the highest rating and pay satisfaction yielded the lowest rating from the moderators of the model. The various indices of overall goodness of fit for the model lent sufficient support for the results to be an acceptable representation of the job characteristics model.
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-2675
21
v.
2
no.
2013
133
141
https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14814_1102f8710229b4771b4d565819b267a5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2013.14814
REFORMING AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN EGYPT FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF CENTRAL LEVEL EXTENSION EMPLOYEES
Mohamed
Abdel-Ghany
Department of Rural Sociology & Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
author
Ahmed M.
Diab
Department of Extension, Socio-Economic Studies Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
author
text
article
2013
eng
This study explored the opinions of central level extension employees about whether the Egyptian agricultural extension system needs to be reformed or not, and the alternatives they consider to be the best-fit options for extension in Egypt. The study covered 98 extension employees at the central level; findings show that all aspects of the Egyptian extension system are good candidates for reform and possible restructuring. These aspects could be ranked as financing, policy & organizational structure, staffing, and field operations as reported by 100%, 95%, 91%, and 68% of the respondents, respectively. Concerning the overall extension system, about 91% of the respondents reported that the Egyptian extension system is a good candidate for reform and possible restructuring. Findings also show that devolution, deconcentration, and delegation were the appropriate arrangements for extension decentralization as mentioned by 85%, 82%, and 55% of the respondents, respectively. Moreover, alternatives of providing and financing extension services were suggested and prioritized.
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-2675
21
v.
2
no.
2013
143
154
https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14816_c38e75f77bdcccf7748366da7ae1594b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2013.14816
VERTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WHEAT CROP UNDER CURRENT CONISTRANTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Enas M.
Gber
Researcher at Central Laboratory for Design and Statistical Analysis Research- Agricultural Research Center
author
text
article
2013
eng
The study aims at researching the possibility of vertical expansion of wheat crop by increasing the total production of the crop from the same cultivated area by re-distributing the area of crop in different zones of the Republic according to its productivity and show the importance of feddan productivity in increasing total production of this crop. The study showed that the increase in feddan productivity has an effect in increasing the total production, but its impact in increasing feddan revenue and the value of crop production was weak. It has been shown there is a possibility to increase the total production of wheat crop by maximizing the economic efficiency of productive resources used in cultivating the crop about 2.09 % of the increase in the total production. The increase in the production of the crop estimated by 1118 thousand ardabs that valued at 99 million LE and save about 53 million cubic meters of irrigation water despite the stability of the cultivated area of wheat crop all over the Republic. The study recommends reconsideration of the current area of wheat crop by expanding the areas of wheat crop in the governorates or the regions characterized by high productivity to achieve the economic efficiency in the use of the production agricultural resources dedicated for wheat planting, so that they can provide areas for wheat in low productive regions to other crops of high productivity in these regions and then relatively reduce wheat gap in Egypt.
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-2675
21
v.
2
no.
2013
155
169
https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14819_46a67aef167c7b28e1fb0b38650a9fd5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2013.14819
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL DEMAND FOR SOME NON-TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN VEGETABLE CROPS
Abdallah M.A.
Ahmed
Department of Agriculture Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University
author
text
article
2013
eng
Despite the increase in vegetable exports from 329 thousand ton in the year 2000 to about 3156 thousand tons in 2010, and the increase in vegetable local production from 14.8 million tons to 1019.5 million tons during the same period,the deficit in the agricultural trade balance has increased from $ 11 million in the year 2007 to about $ 18 million in 2012.However, it is noticed that exports of strawberries and artichoke the nontraditional crops, have increased from $ 2.2 million in 2002 to about $ 24.9 million in 2012. For this, the study endeavor to give special concerns to the two products particularly for their high average export prices which have tripled compared with potatoes and onions in recent years. The paper revealed that average exports of strawberries have increased to about 6391 ton and to about 32.6 thousand tons during the period 2005-2007 and 2008-2010 respectively. Belgian market absorbed about 19% and 23 % of the quantity exported during the two periods. Saudi Arabia imported about 11.3 % and 21.4 % of Egyptian strawberries. Egypt has a comparative advantage in producing strawberries as it came the second after Spain. Strawberries face strong competition and the penetration index was put at 0.002 and 0.779 during the two studied periods. This also noticed that Egypt has a relative price advantage compared with Holland, France, Belgium and Spain. For artichoke, the study shows a decrease of average exports from 14.8 thousand tons during the first period to about 11.7 thousand tons during the second period. Italian market absorbed about 64 % and 80 % of total artichoke. Egypt has a relative advantage in producing this crop compared with competing countries. Egypt also price advantage in artichoke compared with Spain, France, and Italy. The paper shows that determinants of total global demand of Strawberries as export to Saudi Arabia, relative price of Saudi price and export price of Egypt and Spain. For artichoke, the determinants were production in Italy, France export price in addition to production and price ratio in French market. The first equation in the econometric model shows that per head consumption of strawberries increases by about 0.95 % with the increase in local production. The second equation in the model shows that per head consumption in important imported countries increases with the increase of per head local production, exchange rate, the increase of per head income in Germany. The study shows that Egyptian –European partnership agreement has its positive effect on strawberries exports. The third equation in the model shows that per head local production has increased by about 0.02 % , 0.07 % and 0.1% with the increase in per head local consumption in the last year and the decrease each of per head production in Italy and Russia in the last year, respectively. As for artichoke, the study shows in the first equation of the model that average per head consumption has increased by about 1.01 %, 0.01 % and 0.1% with the increase in local production and the decrease each of artichoke exports and Egyptian price, respectively. The second equation in the model shows that per head Egyptian export in important imported countries with the increase by about 1.1% , 1.2% , 1.8% ,2.1% ,4.7% with the increase each of export prices in France, Italy, Spain, exchange rate and per capita income in Germany , respectively., Per head of Egyptian export of artichoke has Also increased by about 0.97% , 0.2% with the decrease each of per head consumption in Egypt and export price of Egypt , respectively . The study showed a negative effect of Egyptian European partnership agreement and SPS treaty on artichoke exports. The third equation in the model shows that per head local production has increased by about 0.01 % , 1.8 % , 1.4% and 0.38% with the increase in per head local production in the last year and the decrease all of per head production in Italy , Russia and Greece in the last year , respectively.
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-2675
21
v.
2
no.
2013
171
191
https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14823_3b485cef639a31fab04cbc42a0095cae.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2013.14823
AN ECONOMIC STUDY FOR THE CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLE OILS TO THE FAMILIES OF AL AHSA, SAOUDIA ARABIA
Abeer A.E.
Kinawy
Department of Agriculture Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, De-partment of Agriculture Business and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
author
text
article
2013
eng
Saudi Arabia is its unproductive for vegetable oils in terms of the Kingdom of import and re-export of imported some oils such as corn oil, sunflower oil and olive oil. The quantity and value of exports and imports of these oils are more than a year, however, excluded from that increase the amount of imports of corn oil, the higher the amount of exports of corn oil and olive and palm Also oil sunflower during the study period, while decreased the amount of exports of sesame oil during the study period also increased the amount of Imports of corn oil, olive, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower increase of about 50.87%, 75.6%, 79.3%, 1141.3%, 50.9% and 611.2%, respectively, during the study period, the study shows the average monthly consumption of the average household Per capita consumption in the research sample was about 0.66, 0.39, 0.48, 1.25, 0.75 per month per liter of corn oil, olive, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower, respectively, and study the average household monthly spending shows that average household spending in research sample amounted to about 35.2, 39.6, 11.0, 9.2, 30.8 riyals per month for each of corn and olive oil, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower. And study the impact of the level of high oil prices on consumption study sample turned out to be about 61.25% of the study sample affects the families of high oil prices on oil consumption. Estimate function per capita expenditure on oil through the sample research was estimated flexibility expenditure Oils for about 0.21, meaning that individual request oils increase by less than increasing per capita income, as an increase in income by about 10% lead to increased consumer spending on oil by about 2.1%, which means that spending on inelastic oils and oils from the goods necessary for the individual. Assessment of the factors affecting the consumption of oils through the sample research shows that the number of individuals is most influential as the change rate of one individual in the family leads to a change of $ 1.2 riyals in spending on oil while the change rate of one riyal in income leads to a change of $ 0.008 riyals in spending vegetable oils. Also all the different income groups both equally among them in terms of importance in influencing the variation consumption of vegetable oils.
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-2675
21
v.
2
no.
2013
193
218
https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14837_ab0fbad9add09a304fc0901fe6918043.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2013.14837
MUTUAL EFFECT BETWEEN THREE ORANGE CVS. AND SOUR ORANGE AND VOLKAMERIANA ROOTSTOCKSS IN NEWLY RECLAIMED LANDS
Omima M.
El-Sayed
Desert Research Center, Ministery of Agriculture and Reclamation Land, Cario, Egypt
author
text
article
2013
eng
This study was carried out in Wadi EL- Technologia in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, during 2010 and 2011 seasons. Washington Navel (N.O.), Valencia (V.O.) and Baladi orange (B.O.) trees budded on Sour orange (S.O.) and Volkamer lemon (V.L.) were grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system from a well has salinty of (1100 ppm).This investigation aimed to study the effect of the two citrus rootstocks on vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, leaf mineral content of the three studied scions as well as the effect of such scions on root system growth of both rootstocks. The obtained results indicated that, Volkamer lemon rootstock recorded the highest significant values of vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality except T.S.S% and ascorbic acid content . Sour orange rootstock gave the highest significant effect on values of leaf mineral content (N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu) however V.L. showed the highest significant value. while, Ca leaf content recorded insignificantly difference between both rootstocks. Leaf Mn, content was significantly the highest with S.O. in both seasons. Root fresh and dry weight were the highest significantly with V.L. rootstock. From the showed result, one can recorded that V.O. scion significantly increased the vigour of V.L. root fresh and dry weight. While, B.O. scion showed significantly the lowest vigoure of V.L. root fresh and dry weight. On the other hand, N.O. scion gave a midiate result between V.O. and B.O. scions on root fresh and dry weight.
Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-2675
21
v.
2
no.
2013
219
233
https://ajs.journals.ekb.eg/article_14842_c92bf91d07111b39535783b4eb03811c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2013.14842